Dendroclimatic response of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) in Pacific North America

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze'ev Gedalof ◽  
Dan J Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Cross Correlations ◽  
Tsuga Mertensiana

In this paper we review the ecology and physiology of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière) in the context of a dendroclimatological analysis. To better understand the relationship between mountain hemlock growth and climate variability throughout its range we have analyzed chronologies from 10 coastal sites, located along a transect extending from northern California to southern Alaska. The chronologies exhibit significant large-scale cross-correlations, with two distinct growth regions implied: chronologies from the northern Cascades in California, to the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, are correlated with each other but are distinct from Alaskan chronologies. While intervals of coherent reduced growth along the entire transect occur episodically throughout the record, intervals of coherent enhanced growth are less common. Response function analyses indicate that summer temperature is the most influential factor limiting growth throughout the study region, while winter precipitation is an additional limiting factor south of Alaska. Warm summer temperatures are associated with enhanced growth in the current year but with reduced growth in the following year. This response is believed to be a reflection of the energy required to mature cones initiated in the preceding year. The association with winter precipitation may reflect the role of deep, persistent snowpacks in regulating the duration of the growing season.

scholarly journals Geo-climatic hazards in the eastern subtropical Andes: distribution, climate drivers and trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1353-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Vergara ◽  
Stella M. Moreiras ◽  
Diego Araneo ◽  
René Garreaud
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Climatic Hazards ◽  
Eastern Zone ◽  
Western Zone ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. Detecting and understanding historical changes in the frequency of geo-climatic hazards (G-CHs) is crucial for the quantification of current hazards and project them into the future. Here we focus in the eastern subtropical Andes (32–33∘ S), using meteorological data and a century-long inventory of 553 G-CHs triggered by rainfall or snowfall. We first analyse their spatio-temporal distributions and the role of climate variability in the year-to-year changes in the number of days per season with G-CHs. Precipitation is positively correlated with the number of G-CHs across the region and year-round; mean temperature is negatively correlated with snowfall-driven hazards in the western (higher) half of the study region during winter and with rainfall-driven hazards in the eastern zone during summer. The trends of the G-CH frequency since the mid-20th century were calculated, paying attention to their non-systematic monitoring. The G-CH series for the different triggers, zones and seasons were generally stationary. Nonetheless, there is a small positive trend in rainfall-driven G-CHs in the eastern zone during summer, congruent with a rainfall increase there. We also found a decrease in snowfall-driven G-CHs in the western zone from the late 1990s onwards, most likely due to a reduction in winter precipitation rather than to an increase in temperature.

scholarly journals Geo-climatic hazards in the eastern subtropical Andes: Distribution, Climate Drivers and Trends

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Vergara ◽  
Stella M. Moreiras ◽  
Diego Araneo ◽  
René Garreaud
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Future Projection ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Climatic Hazards ◽  
Eastern Zone ◽  
Western Zone ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. Detection and understanding of historical changes in the frequency of geo-climatic hazards (G-CHs) is crucial for the quantification of current hazard and their future projection. Here we focus in the eastern subtropical Andes (32–33° S), using meteorological data and a century-long inventory on 553 G-CHs triggered by rainfall or snowfall. First we analysed their spatio-temporal distributions and the role of climate variability on the year-to-year changes in the number of days with G-CHs. Precipitation is positively correlated with the number of G-CHs across the region and year-round; mean temperature is negatively correlated with snowfall-driven hazards in the western (higher) half of the study region during winter, and with rainfall-driven hazards in the eastern zone during summer. The trends of the G-CHs frequency since the mid-20th century were calculated taking cautions for their non-systematic monitoring. The G-CHs series for the different triggers, zones and seasons were generally stationary. Nonetheless, there is a small positive trend in rainfall-driven G-CHs in the eastern zone during summer congruent with a rainfall increase there. We also found a decrease in snowfall-driven G-CHs in the western zone since the late 1990's onwards, most likely due to a reduction in winter precipitation rather than an increase in temperature.

scholarly journals Investigating the Long-Range Transport of Aerosol Plumes Following the Amazon Fires (August 2019): A Multi-Instrumental Approach from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3846
Author(s):  
Hassan Bencherif ◽  
Nelson Bègue ◽  
Damaris Kirsch Pinheiro ◽  
David Jean du Preez ◽  
Jean-Maurice Cadet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Range Transport

Despite a number of studies on biomass burning (BB) emissions in the atmosphere, observation of the associated aerosols and pollutants requires continuous efforts. Brazil, and more broadly Latin America, is one of the most important seasonal sources of BB, particularly in the Amazon region. Uncertainty about aerosol loading in the source regions is a limiting factor in terms of understanding the role of aerosols in climate modelling. In the present work, we investigated the Amazon BB episode that occurred during August 2019 and made the international headlines, especially when the smoke plumes plunged distant cities such as São Paulo into darkness. Here, we used satellite and ground-based observations at different locations to investigate the long-range transport of aerosol plumes generated by the Amazon fires during the study period. The monitoring of BB activity was carried out using fire related pixel count from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua and Terra platforms, while the distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations and total columns were obtained from the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI) onboard the METOP-A and METOP-B satellites. In addition, AERONET sun-photometers as well as the MODIS instrument made aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements over the study region. Our datasets are consistent with each other and highlight AOD and CO variations and long-range transport of the fire plume from the source regions in the Amazon basin. We used the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle) to simulate backward dispersion, which showed good agreement with satellite and ground measurements observed over the study area. The increase in Rossby wave activity during the 2019 austral winter the Southern Hemisphere may have contributed to increasing the efficiency of large-scale transport of aerosol plumes generated by the Amazon fires during the study period.

The role of large-scale eddies in the occurrence of winter precipitation deficits in Portugal

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1493-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Santos ◽  
C. Andrade ◽  
J. Corte-Real ◽  
S. Leite
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Winter Precipitation

Role of Antecedent Land Surface Conditions in Warm Season Precipitation over Northwestern Mexico

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1774-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Zhu ◽  
Tereza Cavazos ◽  
Dennis P. Lettenmaier
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Thermal Condition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Monsoon Onset ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Nw Mexico ◽  
Northwestern Mexico

Abstract The role of antecedent land surface conditions including precipitation (P), surface skin temperature (Ts), soil moisture (Sm), and snow water equivalent (SWE) anomalies on the onset and intensity of the monsoon during the 1950–99 period in the core of the North American monsoon system (NAMS) region in northwestern Mexico (termed MSa here) is explored. A statistically significant positive relationship is found between monsoon onset date in MSa and previous winter precipitation in the southwestern United States (SW) and northwestern (NW) Mexico, and winter SWE in the southern Rocky Mountains. The linkages are strong during the 1960s–80s and weak otherwise, which is a much shorter period than had been found previously for an SW target area termed monsoon west (MW). In the MW study, the following land surface feedback hypothesis was proposed: more winter P and SWE lead to more spring Sm, hence lower spring and early summer Ts, which induce a weaker onset of the NAMS. This hypothesis broke down in MW due to the small contribution of land surface memory to surface thermal condition, and hence to monsoon strength. The same hypothesis is in this work for MSa by examining three links. First, it is found that in May not only the total column, but also the near-surface Sm, in both SW and NW Mexico have memory from the previous winter precipitation. The spring Sm anomalies correlate negatively with Ts anomalies over most of the continental United States and Mexico except for the desert region of SW and NW Mexico. The monsoon onset is negatively correlated with May Ts over an area roughly consisting of New Mexico and some adjacent areas, suggesting that antecedent land surface conditions may influence the premonsoon surface thermal condition, which then affects monsoon onset. The monsoon-driving force concept that states that the strength of the monsoon should be related to premonsoon land–sea surface temperature contrasts is also confirmed. The confirmation of this concept shows that late monsoon years are associated with colder land and warmer adjacent ocean than early monsoon years. In addition to the apparent land surface feedback, a strong positive relationship between May Ts anomalies and the large-scale midtropospheric circulation (Z500) anomalies is found, which suggests that large-scale circulation may play a strong (possibly more important than land feedback) role in modulating the monsoon onset.

The Role of Sense of Direction and Other Factors During Navigation in a Large-Scale, Unconstrained Environment

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth J. Ploran ◽  
Ericka Rovira ◽  
James C. Thompson ◽  
Raja Parasuraman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sense Of Direction

Testing ecological release as a compensating mechanism for mass mortality in a keystone predator

2020 ◽  
Vol 637 ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sullivan-Stack ◽  
BA Menge
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Top Predator ◽  
Oregon Coast ◽  
Ecological Release ◽  
Keystone Predator ◽  
Pisaster Ochraceus ◽  
Wasting Syndrome

Top predator decline has been ubiquitous across systems over the past decades and centuries, and predicting changes in resultant community dynamics is a major challenge for ecologists and managers. Ecological release predicts that loss of a limiting factor, such as a dominant competitor or predator, can release a species from control, thus allowing increases in its size, density, and/or distribution. The 2014 sea star wasting syndrome (SSWS) outbreak decimated populations of the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus along the Oregon coast, USA. This event provided an opportunity to test the predictions of ecological release across a broad spatial scale and determine the role of competitive dynamics in top predator recovery. We hypothesized that after P. ochraceus loss, populations of the subordinate sea star Leptasterias sp. would grow larger, more abundant, and move downshore. We based these predictions on prior research in Washington State showing that Leptasterias sp. competed with P. ochraceus for food. Further, we predicted that ecological release of Leptasterias sp. could provide a bottleneck to P. ochraceus recovery. Using field surveys, we found no clear change in density or distribution in Leptasterias sp. populations post-SSWS, and decreases in body size. In a field experiment, we found no evidence of competition between similar-sized Leptasterias sp. and P. ochraceus. Thus, the mechanisms underlying our predictions were not in effect along the Oregon coast, which we attribute to differences in habitat overlap and food availability between the 2 regions. Our results suggest that response to the loss of a dominant competitor can be unpredictable even when based in theory and previous research.

Magnetic Properties of xCeO2•(50 − x) PbO•50B2O3 Glasses and Glass Ceramics

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4486-4494 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.El Damrawi ◽  
F. Gharghar
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Magnetic Behavior ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Ordered Structures ◽  
Essential Change

Cerium oxide in borate glasses of composition xCeO2·(50 − x)PbO·50B2O3 plays an important role in changing both microstructure and magnetic behaviors of the system. The structural role of CeO2 as an effective agent for cluster and crystal formation in borate network is clearly evidenced by XRD technique. Both structure and size of well-formed cerium separated clusters have an effective influence on the structural properties. The cluster aggregations are documented to be found in different range ordered structures, intermediate and long range orders are the most structures in which cerium phases are involved. The nano-sized crystallized cerium species in lead borate phase are evidenced to have magnetic behavior.  The criteria of building new specific borate phase enriched with cerium as ferrimagnetism has been found to keep the magnetization in large scale even at extremely high temperature. Treating the glass thermally or exposing it to an effective dose of ionized radiation is evidenced to have an essential change in magnetic properties. Thermal heat treatment for some of investigated materials is observed to play dual roles in the glass matrix. It can not only enhance alignment processes of the magnetic moment but also increases the capacity of the crystallite species in the magnetic phases. On the other hand, reverse processes are remarked under the effect of irradiation. The magnetization was found to be lowered, since several types of the trap centers which are regarded as defective states can be produced by effect of ionized radiation. 

The Impact of Quantitative Easing on Emerging Markets – Literature Review

e-Finanse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Piotr Bartkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Quantitative Easing ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sufficient Precision

AbstractThe article presents the results of the review of the empirical literature regarding the impact of quantitative easing (QE) on emerging markets (EMs). The subject is of interest to policymakers and researchers due to the increasingly larger role of EMs in the world economy and the large-scale capital flows occurring after 2009. The review is conducted in a systematic manner and takes into consideration different methodological choices, samples and measurement issues. The paper puts the summarized results in the context of transmission channels identified in the literature. There are few distinct methodological approaches present in the literature. While there is a consensus regarding the direction of the impact of QE on EMs, its size and durability have not yet been assessed with sufficient precision. In addition, there are clear gaps in the empirical findings, not least related to relative underrepresentation of the CEE region (in particular, Poland).

Public cloud computing for seismological research: Calculating large-scale noise cross-correlations using ALIYUN

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 227-233
Author(s):  
Weitao Wang ◽  
◽  
Baoshan Wang ◽  
Xiufen Zheng ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Cloud ◽  
Cross Correlations
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