Genetic variation in wood properties of interior spruce. II. Tracheid characteristics

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2128-2139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milosh Ivkovich ◽  
Gene Namkoong ◽  
Mathew Koshy
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Transition Wood

In this study we investigated quantitative genetic variation in tracheid characteristics in two genetic tests of British Columbia's interior spruce (the common name for white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmanni Parry ex Engelm.; and their hybrids). The study included 88 half-sib families from the East Kootenay and Prince George regions. We have developed a technique for quantitative assessment of tracheid characteristics by measuring cross-sectional dimensions. We obtained cell size, wall thickness and their ratio in early-, transition-, and late-wood classes within a growth ring. Tracheid length and microfibril angle were measured in the transition wood. A number of tracheid characteristics showed significant genetic variation, but heritability, phenotypic, and genetic correlation estimates varied across test sites within and outside regions of origin of parental trees. Ring width was determined, both phenotypically and genetically, by the number of tracheids and to a lesser extent by the by their mean size. On average, rings with larger tracheids did not have significantly thicker walls. Wider rings had lower mean wall to tracheid size ratio. Faster growth did not result in shorter tracheids in the transition wood. Longer tracheids had lower micro fibril angle. There were no particular benefits from considering the anatomical component traits for breaking the negative genetic correlation between growth and wood density.

Genetic variation in wood properties of interior spruce. I. Growth, latewood percentage, and wood density

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2116-2127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milosh Ivkovich ◽  
Gene Namkoong ◽  
Mathew Koshy
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
The Family ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Sib Families

Quantitative genetic variation in growth, latewood percentage, and wood density was investigated for British Columbia's interior spruce (the common name for white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmanni Parry ex Engelm.; and their hybrids). The study included 160 half-sib families from the East Kootenay and Prince George regions. At the time of sampling, progeny tests for those two regions were 20 and 22 years old, respectively. Univariate and multivariate restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of genetic parameters were obtained. Estimates of genetic variances and heritabilities differed greatly across planting sites for the examined traits, especially after transplantation between the regions. Significant negative genetic correlation between overall growth and wood density was found for the East Kootenay progenies, while negative but nonsignificant genetic correlation between these traits was found for the Prince George progenies. Generally, there was no significant decrease in heritability for ring width and latewood percentage in successive growth rings. A general age trend for genetic correlation between those traits was not apparent, except that the correlation remained negative during the observed period. Our results show that it is not possible to select certain families as superior based on 1-year results because of the family by growing season interactions. Nevertheless, genetic age–age correlations for cumulative increments were high, having a decreasing trend with increasing difference in age.

scholarly journals Improved dendroclimatic calibration using blue intensity in the southern Yukon

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1817-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wilson ◽  
K Anchukaitis ◽  
L Andreu-Hayles ◽  
E Cook ◽  
R D’Arrigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
June July ◽  
Blue Intensity

In north-western North America, the so-called divergence problem (DP) is expressed in tree ring width (RW) as an unstable temperature signal in recent decades. Maximum latewood density (MXD), from the same region, shows minimal evidence of DP. While MXD is a superior proxy for summer temperatures, there are very few long MXD records from North America. Latewood blue intensity (LWB) measures similar wood properties as MXD, expresses a similar climate response, is much cheaper to generate and thereby could provide the means to profoundly expand the extant network of temperature sensitive tree-ring (TR) chronologies in North America. In this study, LWB is measured from 17 white spruce sites ( Picea glauca) in south-western Yukon to test whether LWB is immune to the temporal calibration instabilities observed in RW. A number of detrending methodologies are examined. The strongest calibration results for both RW and LWB are consistently returned using age-dependent spline (ADS) detrending within the signal-free (SF) framework. RW data calibrate best with June–July maximum temperatures (Tmax), explaining up to 28% variance, but all models fail validation and residual analysis. In comparison, LWB calibrates strongly (explaining 43–51% of May–August Tmax) and validates well. The reconstruction extends to 1337 CE, but uncertainties increase substantially before the early 17th century because of low replication. RW-, MXD- and LWB-based summer temperature reconstructions from the Gulf of Alaska, the Wrangell Mountains and Northern Alaska display good agreement at multi-decadal and higher frequencies, but the Yukon LWB reconstruction appears potentially limited in its expression of centennial-scale variation. While LWB improves dendroclimatic calibration, future work must focus on suitably preserved sub-fossil material to increase replication prior to 1650 CE.

Effects of defoliation on growth, biomass allocation, and wood properties of Betula pendula clones grown at different nutrient levels

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seija Anttonen ◽  
Riikka Piispanen ◽  
Jari Ovaska ◽  
Pia Mutikainen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Growth Ring Width

Three-year old Betula pendula Roth clones were grown at two nutrient levels in a field experiment to investigate the responses and recovery in growth and wood properties to a range of defoliation levels (0–100%). No general threshold value of defoliation level for negative effects in growth was found, since the sensitivity of saplings to defoliation varied according to plant traits studied. However, responses were related to defoliation intensity. Saplings compensated for 25% defoliation in terms of height growth and number of current branches and were able to tolerate 50% defoliation without effects on diameter growth 1 year after the defoliation. Nutrient availability was significant only in determining how total biomass responded to defoliation. Fertilized saplings were able to tolerate 25% defoliation without reduction in total biomass, but nonfertilized saplings were not. The interaction between defoliation and fertilization disappeared in the second growing season after the defoliation. Saplings were not able to compensate for 75% defoliation in terms of total biomass or for 100% defoliation in terms of growth and branching even in 2 years' recovery time. In stemwood, complete defoliation reduced growth ring width and vessel diameter simultaneously and also induced a narrow zone of secondary xylem with defects. Our results suggest that defoliation level and recovery time played a crucial role in compensatory growth of birch saplings, while nutrient availability had a minor role.

Effect of Thinning on the Wood Structure in Annual Growth Rings of Japanese Larch (Larix Leptolepis)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Koga ◽  
Kazuyuki Oda ◽  
Juichi Tsutsumi ◽  
Takaaki Fujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Larix Leptolepis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Average Wall Thickness

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of thinning on the annual ring structure and the cross-sectional dimensions of tracheids in plantation-grown Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis). Annual ring width, earlywood width and latewood width increased significantly after thinning. The width of the band of nonflat latewood tracheids in the annual ring increased more than that of flat latewood tracheids. Thinning did not significantly affect latewood percentage. The average radial diameter of both earlywood and latewood tracheids increased after thinning. After thinning, average wall thickness of earlywood tracheids increased, while that of latewood tracheids decreased. Cell wall percentage in earlywood was not influenced significantly by thinning, but latewood cell wall percentage decreased. The changes of the average radial tracheid diameter, the average wall thickness of tracheids and cell wall percentage from earlywood to latewood within a growth ring became more gradual after thinning. However, thinning did not affect significantly the cell wall percentage of the whole growth ring. This study suggests that thinning has little effect on wood density of the whole growth ring in Japanese larch.

Age trend of heritability, genetic correlation, and efficiency of early selection for wood quality traits in Scots pine

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 817-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Hong ◽  
Anders Fries ◽  
Harry X. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
Selection For

To examine the efficiency of early selection for wood quality traits in the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) breeding program in Sweden, a total of 778 wood increment cores were sampled from 179 full-sib families in a single progeny trial at 40 years of age. Age trend of inheritance, age–age genetic correlation, and early selection efficiency for eight wood traits including annual ring width, wood density, microfibril angle (MFA), modulus of elasticity (i.e., wood stiffness; MOE), and fibre dimensions were studied. Heritabilities for the eight wood traits reached a plateau between age 5 years and age 15 years, with the highest heritability for radial fibre width and fibre coarseness (∼0.6) and the lowest heritability for ring width (∼0.2). Heritability reached about 0.4 for both wood density and MFA but only reached about 0.3 for MOE. Genetic correlation from early to reference age 30 years reached a very high level (>0.8) for all eight wood traits at age 5 years. Early selection was effective for wood quality traits in Scots pine, and selection at age 8 years is recommended for MOE in Scots pine.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation of Physical and Chemical Wood Properties of Eucalyptus globulus

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Apiolaza ◽  
C. A. Raymond ◽  
B. J. Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Wood Processing

Abstract This study considered the degree of genetic variation for diameter (DBH), basic density (BD), predicted pulp yield (PPY), fibre length (FL), microfibril angle (MFA) and cellulose content (CC) amongst eight subraces of Eucalyptus globulus growing in a field trial in NW Tasmania. There were significant subrace effects for BD, FL and CC. This variation affected the relative profitability of the subraces for pulp production. On average, the most profitable subraces (on NPV/ha over the base population mean) were Strzelecki Ranges ($862.04), Western Otways ($657.80) and Strzelecki Foothills ($576.81). The genetic control (heritability) of variation in DBH, FL and MFA was moderate (0.15 < h2< 0.27), while control for BD, PPY and CC was high (h2> 0.40). Genetic correlations between growth and wood properties were not statistically significant, except for DBHMFA (-0.86). Most genetic correlations amongst wood properties were outside the parametric space (< -1 or >1), but there were significant correlations between BDMFA (-0.70) and PPY-CC (0.82). The empirical response to selection on an index based on a pulp wood objective (which included volume and basic density) resulted in a gain of 4.3% for DBH, 7.9% for BD and marginal changes for all other traits, with a net impact in profit of $1,270/ha. However, future profit calculations will need to consider the effect of FL, MFA and CC on the economics of wood processing to fully evaluate the economic impact of breeding.

Inheritance of density, microfibril angle, and modulus of elasticity in juvenile wood of Pinus radiata at two locations in Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2164-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Baltunis ◽  
Harry X. Wu ◽  
Mike B. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Selection For

A total of 1640 increment cores from 343 radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) families were sampled at two second-generation progeny trials, aged 6 and 7 years, for a detailed genetic study of juvenile wood quality traits. Density, microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were determined from pith to bark using SilviScan® technology. Heritability was greatest for area-weighted density at the two sites (0.63 and 0.77, respectively), and the lowest for growth traits (<0.23). Genotype by environment interaction was low for all three wood quality traits. A positive genetic correlation between density and MOE (0.43), and a highly negative, and therefore, favourable genetic correlation between MFA and MOE (–0.92) were observed, implying that improvement of multiple juvenile wood properties is possible. The genetic correlations between whole-core wood quality traits and individual-ring measurements suggest that improvement for juvenile wood properties across the entire profile of the corewood including the innermost rings can be achieved. However, density, MFA, and MOE had unfavourable genetic correlations with diameter growth suggesting that selection for increased density and MOE, and reduced MFA in the absence of selection for growth will result in a genetic loss for growth rate.

Effects of release from suppression on wood functional characteristics in young Douglas-fir and western hemlock

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 2038-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi J Renninger ◽  
Barbara L Gartner ◽  
Frederick C Meinzer
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Growth Ring Width

Little is known of wood properties in trees that were initially suppressed and subsequently released from suppression. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in growth ring width, specific conductivity (Ks), tracheid dimensions, moisture content, and wood density in suppressed Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees and trees released from suppression averaging 12–18 years of age. Growth ring width was 370% higher for Douglas-fir and 300% higher for western hemlock trees released from suppression, and Ks was 182% higher for Douglas-fir and 42% higher for western hemlock trees released from suppression. Earlywood width was approximately four times greater after release in both species, whereas the relative increase in latewood width was much greater in Douglas-fir. Tracheids were 25% wider and 11% longer in released Douglas-fir trees. In western hemlock, released trees had 19% wider tracheids that were approximately the same length as those in suppressed trees. Moisture content was 66% greater in released Douglas-fir and 41% greater in released western hemlock. Wood density decreased by 21% in Douglas-fir trees and by 11% in western hemlock trees released from suppression. However, wood density of released trees did not differ from average reported values, implying that wood from released trees may be suitable for many of its traditional applications.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) solid-wood quality traits

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1303-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haleh Hayatgheibi ◽  
Anders Fries ◽  
Johan Kroon ◽  
Harry X. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Early Selection

Potential improvement of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) solid-wood properties was examined by estimating age trends of inheritance, age–age genetic correlations, and the efficiency of early selection using 823 increment cores sampled from 207 half-sib families at two independent progeny trials, aged 34–35 years, located in northern Sweden. High-resolution radial variation of annual ring width, wood density, microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of elasticity (clearwood stiffness; MOES) was measured using SilviScan. The dynamic stiffness (MOEtof) of standing trees was also obtained using Hitman ST300. Heritabilities ranged from 0.10 to 0.64 for growth and earlywood, transition-wood, and latewood proportions, from 0.29 to 0.77 for density traits, and from 0.13 to 0.33 for MFA and stiffness traits. Genetic correlations between early age and the reference age (26 years) suggested that early selection is efficient at age 4 years for MFA and between ages 5 to 8 years for density and MOES. Unfavorable diameter–stiffness genetic correlations and correlated responses indicate that breeding for a 1% increase in diameter would confer 5.5% and 2.3% decreases in lodgepole pine MOES and MOEtof, respectively. Index selection with appropriate economical weights for growth and wood stiffness is highly recommended for selective breeding.

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