Relative Influence of Moisture–Aeration and Nutrients on Vegetation and Black Spruce Growth in Northern Ontario

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Jeglum
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Nutrient Regime ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Minor Vegetation

Results from a principal component analysis suggest that nutrient regime is more important to vegetational variation than the moisture–aeration regime. Correlations between site index and habitat measures suggest that the moisture–aeration regime influences tree growth more than the nutrient regime. For particular components of vegetational variation and for segments of the total data, the proportional influence of the two gradients varies. Moisture–aeration and nutrient regimes explain a large proportion of the variation in minor vegetation and tree growth on black spruce peatlands.

Comparisons of Environmental Ordinations with Principal Component Vegetational Ordinations for Sets of Data Having Different Degrees of Complexity

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Jeglum ◽  
C. F. Wehrhahn ◽  
J. M. A. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Total Data

Data from a survey of lowland, mainly peatland, vegetation were subjected to environmental ordination based on measurements of water level and water conductivity, and to vegetational ordination derived from principal component analysis (P.C.A.). Analyzed were the total set of the data ("all types"), half sets ("nonwoody" and "woody types") and quarter sets (stands of "marshes", "meadows", "shrub fens", and "other woody types"); the number of distinct physiognomic groups in a set of data, and presumably the amount of contained heterogeneity, decreased at each segmentation.The effectiveness of the ordination models was tested by correlating measured distances in two-dimensional ordination models with 2W/(A + B) indices of vegetational similarity for randomly selected pairs of types or stands. As the physiognomic complexity decreased, the effectiveness of the P.C.A. vegetational ordination increased whereas that of the environmental ordination decreased. The environmental ordination seemed most appropriate to the data encompassing high complexity (total data set), while the P.C.A. vegetational ordination seemed most appropriate to data with low complexity (quarter sets of the data).

Preliminary Site Index Equations for Three Planted Species in Northern Ontario

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Payandeh ◽  
Yonghe Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Analysis ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Natural Stand ◽  
Graphical Comparison ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Abstract Stem analysis data from plantations of black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine from northern Ontario were fitted to base-age specific and base-age invariant site index models. The resulting equations and their respective parameters were compared via nonlinear analysis of covariance. The base-age specific models produced a somewhat better fit to the data than their base-age invariant counterparts, although the latter are considered theoretically more elegant. Graphical comparison of plantation and natural stand site index curves for the three species showed both similarities and differences. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):57-63.

Individual-tree basal area growth models for jack pine and black spruce in northern Ontario

2004 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianjun Zhang ◽  
Changhui Peng ◽  
Qinglai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Area Growth

Individual-tree models of five-year basal area growth were developed for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) in northern Ontario. Tree growth data were collected from long-term permanent plots of pure and mixed stands of the two species. The models were fitted using mixed model methods due to correlated remeasurements of tree growth over time. Since the data covered a wide range of stand ages, stand conditions and tree sizes, serious heterogeneous variances existed in the data. Therefore, the coefficients of the final models were obtained using weighted regression techniques. The models for the two species were evaluated across 4-cm diameter classes using independent data. The results indicated (1) the models of jack pine and black spruce produced similar prediction errors and biases for intermediate-sized trees (12–28 cm in tree diameter), (2) both models yielded relatively large errors and biases for larger trees (> 28 cm) than those for smaller trees, and (3) the jack pine model produced much larger errors and biases for small-sized trees (< 12 cm) than did the black spruce model. Key words: mixed models, repeated measures, model validation

Testing the Lake States variant of FVS (Forest Vegetation Simulator) for the main forest types of northern Ontario

2004 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lacerte ◽  
G R Larocque ◽  
M. Woods ◽  
W J Parton ◽  
M. Penner
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Forest Vegetation Simulator ◽  
Consistency Analysis ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Stand Basal Area

The Lake States variant of the FVS (Forest Vegetation Simulator) model (LS-FVS), also known as the LS-TWIGS variant of FVS, was validated for black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forests in northern Ontario. Individual-tree data from 537 remeasured sample plots were used. This dataset included different combinations of site index, stand density and age. It was possible to compare observations and predictions for different projection length periods. The validation exercise included a biological consistency analysis, the computation of mean percent difference (MPD) for stand density, stand basal area, top height and quadratic mean diameter (QMD) and the comparison of observed and predicted individual-tree dbh. The biological consistency analysis indicated that LS-FVS logically predicted the effect of site index on top height, stand basal area and QMD for black spruce and jack pine. However, the decrease in stand basal area at young ages was inconsistent with the normal development pattern of the forest stands under study and was attributed to deficiencies in the prediction of mortality. LS-FVS was found to underpredict stand density, stand basal area and top height and to over-predict QMD. Even though there were large errors in the prediction of change in stand density, LS-FVS was nevertheless consistent in the prediction of the shape of the dbh size distribution. Key words: FVS, Forest Vegetation Simulator, validation, biological consistency analysis

An assessment of the structural method of deriving a black spruce site equation

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1181-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor G. Smith ◽  
Martin Watts
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Structural Method ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Stochastic Error ◽  
Stand Height

To date, methods of deriving site index (S) equations assume that stochastic error is only present in the regressor. This paper develops a method, termed the "structural method," which recognizes that both dominant stand height (H) and S measurements contain stochastic error. To achieve this, the structural method utilizes the structural relationship that exists between H and S to derive an S equation. S equations are derived for black spruce, Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., using the structural method and various other methods, with linear and nonlinear models that are currently in use. Data used in the study consist of 56 black spruce permanent sample plots, containing a total of 382 observations, from north central Ontario and the Clay Belt Region of northern Ontario. This data set is split into 36 plots (260 observations) for deriving S equations and 20 plots (122 observations) for testing the equations for accuracy in predicting H, S, and future H. The equations are also examined for bias over stand age. Results show that height development of black spruce is not asymptotic and is best described by a linear model. Overall, the structural method provides the most accurate S equation within the range of the data. It predicted 90% of the H test observations with an error of 0.4 m or less, 89% of the S test observations with an error of 0.4 m or less, and 90% of the future H test observations with an error of 0.7 m or less. The structural method also has the advantage of producing only one equation for predicting both H and S. This enables estimates of both H and S to be made from one graph of H over age by S classes.

scholarly journals A Site Index Formula for Peatland Black Spruce in Ontario

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Payandeh
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Index Formula ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Stand Height ◽  
A Site ◽  
Index Formulas

Site index formulas were derived for peatland black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) in northern Ontario based on stem analysis of 60 dominant and codominant trees. Nonlinear regression analysis and a biological growth function were employed to express both height as a function of site index and stand age and also site index as a function of stand height and age. Analysis of results indicates that peatland black spruce has a different pattern of height growth than that shown by Plonski's site index curves, particularly for site indices less than 8 m and stands older than 80 years.

Application of the Kalman filter model in site index equation construction

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1415-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghe Wang ◽  
Bijan Payandeh
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Linear Filter ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Filter Model ◽  
Index Model

Extension of the Richards biological growth function has been applied extensively to describe height growth patterns or to develop site index equations. We introduce a linear filter model to achieve the same goals. Although derivation of the filter model involves more computation, it compares well with the Richards growth model in accuracy when applied to a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P) stem analysis data set from northern Ontario. The main advantage of the filter model, however, is that it can be used as a base-age invariant site index model.

scholarly journals A Height Growth Model and Associated Growth Intercept Models for Estimating Site Index in Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) Plantations in Northern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Martin M. Kwiaton ◽  
Jian R. Wang ◽  
Douglas E.B. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Growth Intercept

Abstract Site quality is a key component of growth and yield models because height growth rates are known to be influenced by available site resources. Accurate prediction of future growth and yield requires site quality information for both plantations and natural stands. The forest industry in northern Ontario relies on high-quality wood and fiber from black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.); therefore, these tools are essential to ensure sustainable forest management. Although there are site index (SI) models for natural-origin black spruce stands in northern Ontario, models for estimating site quality of young black spruce plantations have not been developed. We used stem analysis data collected from 62 plantations (>40 years of age) of pure black spruce across northern Ontario to develop height growth, SI, and variable growth intercept models. The distinct height growth patterns we observed may be attributed to early silvicultural treatments (site preparation and herbicide) in plantations allowing black spruce trees to attain breast height (1.3 m) faster than in fire-origin stands in northern Ontario. Our models can be used to estimate site quality of black spruce plantations, a key consideration for silviculture and forest management planning. We also compare our managed stand SI model to one we developed from a comparable subset of data from black spruce growing in unmanaged stands and propose a method to assign an SI with a common base age to pure upland black spruce stands regardless of origin.

scholarly journals Draining an unproductive black spruce peatland stand: 18-year post-treatment tree growth and stand productivity estimation

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Jutras ◽  
Jean Bégin ◽  
André P Plamondon ◽  
Hannu Hökkä
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Stand Productivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Canadian Boreal Forest ◽  
Forest Drainage

In the eastern Canadian boreal forest, drainage of unproductive black spruce peatlands is an infrequently used silvicultural treatment. The sparse scientific literature concerning its influence on tree growth is, however, relatively positive about the possibility of using drainage to convert unproductive stands into productive ones. This study aimed to address this issue by assessing the individual tree growth and by estimating the future stand productivity on a drained black spruce peatland stand. Results showed larger mean annual post-drainage stump diameter increment with increasing ditch proximity but they also showed the lack of effect of the treatment at distances greater than 15 m from the ditch. Small-sized trees reacted more strongly to the treatment than larger ones. Estimated site productivity was also influenced by the ditch proximity. The presence of excavating mounds on only one side of the ditch greatly influenced tree growth and site productivity. Considering the obtained results, intensive drainage operations, utilizing narrow ditch spacing, would be necessary in order to transform the type of unproductive sites studied into productive ones. Key words: diameter growth, site index, forested peatland, forest drainage, Picea mariana

Scanning x-ray fluorescence microscopy and principal component analysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1752-1753
Author(s):  
Brian Cross
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fluorescence Microscope ◽  
Acquisition Rate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Speed Up

A relatively new entry, in the field of microscopy, is the Scanning X-Ray Fluorescence Microscope (SXRFM). Using this type of instrument (e.g. Kevex Omicron X-ray Microprobe), one can obtain multiple elemental x-ray images, from the analysis of materials which show heterogeneity. The SXRFM obtains images by collimating an x-ray beam (e.g. 100 μm diameter), and then scanning the sample with a high-speed x-y stage. To speed up the image acquisition, data is acquired "on-the-fly" by slew-scanning the stage along the x-axis, like a TV or SEM scan. To reduce the overhead from "fly-back," the images can be acquired by bi-directional scanning of the x-axis. This results in very little overhead with the re-positioning of the sample stage. The image acquisition rate is dominated by the x-ray acquisition rate. Therefore, the total x-ray image acquisition rate, using the SXRFM, is very comparable to an SEM. Although the x-ray spatial resolution of the SXRFM is worse than an SEM (say 100 vs. 2 μm), there are several other advantages.

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