The Factors of Constitutional Support for the Rule of Law in the System of Public Authorities

The article examines the factors that ensure the constitutional provision of the rule of law in the system of public authorities. The aim of this study was to analyse the factors that ensure the constitutional provision of the rule of law in the system of public authorities. The constitutional design provides for the creation of rational structures for the functioning of public authorities, which should ensure democratic standards, economic development, anti-corruption policy by implementing the principles of the rule of law. The study used data on indicators that describe the state of the rule of law (Rule of Law Index), democracy (Democracy Index) and corruption (Corruption Perceptions Index). Methods of graphical comparison, scattering diagrams, classification of countries by categories were used. A graphical model of the dependence of the rule of law on the development of democracy and perceptions of corruption for 25 European countries is built on the basis of these factors. It is proved that the studied indicators are dependent: countries with a high Rule of Law Index (high level of restrictions on the powers of government institutions, protection of fundamental rights, law enforcement, security) have a high Corruption Perceptions Index (high level of anti-corruption) and Democracy Index. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop the constitutional provision of the rule of law by strengthening democratic values, improving economic growth and competitiveness, increasing control over corruption. Further research should analyse the impact of rule of law factors in low- and middle-income countries.

Efficacy and safety of Botulinum toxin A for improving esthetics in facial complex: A systematic review

Aim: To evaluate efficacy and safety of Botulinum toxinA for improving esthetics in the facial complex and correlating them to the dosage and side effects through a systematic review. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases. Quality of studies was appraised through the GRADE system. This review follows the ‘Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols’ (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Efficacy was analyzed through improvement rate and effect sizes. Graphical comparison of efficacy and ocular adverse effects (adverse effects around the eye) at various anatomical locations was made by calculating the average improvement rate and adverse events. Results: Twenty-five studies were included in this systematic review after application of the inclusion criteria. Moderate to severe cases in glabellar, lateral canthal, and forehead regions showed higher improvement rates between 20U to 50U, with an effect lasting up to 120 days. Gender and age seemed to have a direct effect on efficacy. Headaches were the most common adverse effect, followed by injection site bruising; all adverse effects resolved within 3-4 days. Conclusions: Treatment with Botulinum toxinA to enhance esthetics of facial complex is efficient and safe at all recommended dosages. Presence of complexing proteins influenced the efficacy of BoNT-A. undesirable muscular adverse effects around the eyes were more predominant when treating the glabellar region. There was no correlation found between the BoNT-A dosage and side effects, however, an increase in dosage did not always lead to an increase in efficacy.

Validation of the Framingham hypertension risk score in a middle eastern population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS)

Background The Framingham hypertension risk score is a well-known and simple model for predicting hypertension in adults. In the current study, we aimed to assess the predictive ability of this model in a Middle Eastern population. Methods We studied 5423 participants, aged 20–69 years, without hypertension, who participated in two consecutive examination cycles of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). We assessed discrimination based on Harrell’s concordance statistic (c-index) and calibration (graphical comparison of predicted vs. observed). We evaluated the original, recalibrated (for intercept and slope), and revised (for beta coefficients) models. Results Over the 3-year follow-up period, 319 participants developed hypertension. The Framingham hypertension risk score performed well in discriminating between individuals who developed hypertension and those who did not (c-index = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.79–0.83). Initially, there was a systematic underestimation of the original risk score (events predicted), which was readily corrected by a simple model revision. Conclusions The revised Framingham hypertension risk score can be used as a screening tool in public health and clinical practice to facilitate the targeting of preventive interventions in high-risk Middle Eastern people.

PEMBANGUNAN INDEKS HARGA HARTA TANAH WARISAN: KEDAI PRAPERANG (PW-SPI) PULAU PINANG, MALAYSIA

Abstrak Pengiktirafan Bandar George Town sebagai Tapak Warisan Dunia (TWD) UNESCO telah membawa kepada usaha pemuliharaan harta-harta warisan seperti pelaksanaan Pelan Pengurusan Warisan dan pewartaan Akta Warisan Kebangsaan 2005. Antara elemen warisan yang perlu dipelihara berkaitan harta tanah ialah kedai pra-perang. Kedai pra-perang merupakan kedai yang telah dibina dan dibangunkan sebelum perang dunia pertama pada tahun 1914. Ciri-ciri warisan yang ada pada kedai pra-perang perlu dipelihara dari segi ciri fizikalnya. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan arus pembangunan yang semakin pesat, semua usaha ini perlu penglibatan para pelabur dalam sektor harta tanah. Justeru, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan Indeks Harga Kedai Praperang Pulau Pinang (PW-SPI) bagi mewujudkan indikator yang dapat membantu para pelabur dalam membuat keputusan pelaburan dalam pasaran harta tanah praperang. Kajian ini melibatkan pembangunan PW-SPI menggunakan Model Hedonik Laspeyres. PW-SPI yang dibangunkan membolehkan perbandingan secara grafik dibuat ke atas pergerakan harga harta tanah warisan di Pulau Penang. Ia menunjukkan bahawa bagi tempoh 2008-2014, harta tanah kedai praperang di Pulau Pinang mempunyai pertumbuhan harga yang lebih baik berbanding kedai bukan praperang. Kajian pertama di Malaysia berkaitan indeks harga harta tanah warisan ini boleh diulang dengan melibatkan kawasan geografi yang lebih luas. Ini kerana ia terbukti dapat membantu para pelabur dalam membuat keputusan pelaburan berkaitan harta tanah kedai praperang melalui perbandingan. AbstractThe recognition of George Town City as a World Heritage Site (TWD) UNESCO has led to the conservation efforts such as the implementation of the Heritage Management Plan and the publication of the National Heritage Act 2005. Among the elements of heritage that need to be preserved in relation to property are pre-war shops. Pre-war shops are shops that were built and developed before the first world war in 1914. The pre-war shops need to be preserved in terms of its physical features. However, with the rapid development trend, implementing this goal needs the involvement of investors in the real estate sector. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop the Penang Pre-war Shop Price Index (PW-SPI) in order to create an indicator that can help potential investors in making investment decisions related to the pre-war property market. PW-SPI was developed using the Laspeyres Hedonic Model. The developed PW-SPI has enabled a graphical comparison be made about heritage property price movement in Penang. It indicates that for the period 2008-2014 the pre-war shops in Penang had better price growth than the non pre-war shops. This earliest study of heritage property price index in Malaysia could be replicated to include data of other geographical areas. It is shown that it can help potential investors in making investment decision related to heritage property of shophouse through graphical comparison.

Numerical Solution of Fractional Model of HIV-1 Infection in Framework of Different Fractional Derivatives

In this paper, we have extended the model of HIV-1 infection to the fractional mathematical model using Caputo-Fabrizio and Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative operators. A detailed proof for the existence and the uniqueness of the solution of fractional mathematical model of HIV-1 infection in Atangana-Baleanu sense is presented. Numerical approach is used to find and study the behavior of the solution of the stated model using different derivative operators, and the graphical comparison between the solutions obtained for the Caputo-Fabrizio and the Atangana-Baleanu operator is presented to see which fractional derivative operator is more efficient.

A Comparison Study of Irregularity Descriptors of Benzene Ring Embedded in P-Type Surface Network and Its Derived Network

Topological indices are atomic auxiliary descriptors which computationally and hypothetically portray the natures of the basic availability of nanomaterials and chemical mixes, and henceforth, they give faster techniques to look at their exercises and properties. Anomaly indices are for the most part used to describe the topological structures of unpredictable graphs. Graph anomaly examines are helpful not only for quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and also quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) but also for foreseeing their different physical and compound properties, including poisonousness, obstruction, softening and breaking points, the enthalpy of vanishing, and entropy. In this article, we discuss the irregularities of benzene ring and its line graph and compare them by its irregularity indices. We present graphical comparison by using Mathematica.

Unsteady MHD natural convection flow of Casson fluid incorporating thermal radiative flux and heat injection/suction mechanism under variable wall conditions

Unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow of Casson fluid over an infinite vertical plate is examined under ramped temperature and velocity conditions at the wall. Thermal radiation flux and heat injection/suction terms are also incorporated in the energy equation. The electrically conducting fluid is flowing through a porous material and these phenomena are governed by partial differential equations. After employing some adequate dimensionless variables, the solutions are evaluated by dint of Laplace transform. In addition, the physical contribution of substantial parameters such as Grashof number, radiation parameter, heat injection/suction parameter, porosity parameter, Prandtl number, and magnetic parameter is appropriately elucidated with the aid of graphical and tabular illustrations. The expressions for skin friction and Nusselt number are also derived to observe wall shear stress and rate of heat transfer. A graphical comparison between solutions corresponding to ramped and constant conditions at the wall is also provided. It is observed that graphs of the solutions computed under constant conditions are always superior with respect to graphs of ramped conditions. The magnetic field decelerates the flow, whereas the radiative flux leads to an upsurge in the flow. Furthermore, the shear stress is a decreasing function of the magnetic parameter.

Quality Assessment of a Manufactured Bell Using a 3D Scanning Process

Bells as percussion instruments have been known to humanity for ages. The casting process, the shape and the materials have changed over the years. The functional properties of bells depend on the casting quality and the generated sound. The casting quality is related to the shape, material and technology. The acoustic quality must fulfill specific parameters. This work concerns the assessment of the quality of the manufactured bells and the possibility of replacing tin bronze with a material with similar mechanical properties. Therefore, bell bronze—which is dedicated to this type of work—and aluminum bronze—which is characterized by high strength and hardness, have been applied to casting. The laser scanning technique was used to assess the quality of castings. Based on a point cloud, an optimized mesh was generated from which the 3D model was finally created. On the basis of the CAD model, the defects resulting from the casting process were determined in the form of graphical comparison. The correctness of the selected foundry shrinkage of the selected material was also determined. The manufactured bells were also assessed for sound quality. Vibration frequencies were determined using a vibration analyzer and free software Wavanal. The experimental results were compared with the ones obtained from the numerical frequency analysis. With the help of tests, the quality of the bells was assessed, and it was determined whether aluminum bronze meets the acoustic criteria. The presented method can be used in the development of bell templates. These templates will allow the bell to obtain the correct shape and acoustic quality without the need for a tuning process.

Assessment of Existing Bond Models for Externally Bonded SRP Composites

This manuscript assessed the applicability of the existing ultimate bond formulas originally developed for externally bonded carbon fiber-based composites in the analysis of steel-reinforced polymers (SRPs). In the first part, the methods of predicting the bond capacity are reviewed, the differences are indicated, and the factors determining the bond are discussed; then, using the bond test results of over 400 samples available in the literature, the bond prediction methods are assessed by graphical comparison. The evaluation mainly concerned concrete elements and epoxy adhesives; however, to a lesser extent, a similar analysis was performed for the masonry substrate and grout matrices. The results showed the relatively good applicability of the majority of bond prediction models for the analysis of SRP composites. In most cases, the ultimate bond force was slightly underestimated, which was beneficial in the design of this type of strengthening. Larger discrepancies concerned weaker grout matrices.

Validation of the Framingham Hypertension Risk Score in A Middle Eastern Population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)

Background: The Framingham hypertension risk score is a well-known and simple model for predicting hypertension in adults. In the current study, we aimed to assess the predictive ability of this model in a Middle Eastern population. Methods: We studied 5,423 participants, aged 20-69 years, without hypertension, who participated in two consecutive examination cycles of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). We assessed discrimination based on Harrell’s concordance statistic (c-index) and calibration (graphical comparison of predicted vs. observed). We evaluated the original, recalibrated (for intercept and slope), and revised (for beta coefficients) models. Results: Over the 3-year follow-up period, 319 participants developed hypertension. The Framingham hypertension risk score performed well in discriminating between individuals who developed hypertension and those who did not (c-index=0.81, 95% CI: 0.79-0.83). Initially, there was a systematic underestimation of the original risk score (events predicted), which was readily corrected by a simple model revision. Conclusions: The revised Framingham hypertension risk score can be used as a screening tool in public health and clinical practice to facilitate the targeting of preventive interventions in high-risk Middle Eastern people.