Microorganisms Associated with Eutypellaparasitica in Acersaccharum and A. rubrum

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Kliejunas ◽  
J. E. Kuntz
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Culture Filtrates

Many species of microorganisms were associated with Eutypellaparasitica in cankers on maple. The same species of microorganisms were present in noninoculated artificial branch and trunk wounds on maple trees and in natural wounds on sugar maple and red maple seedlings. There was little antagonistic effect of the associated microorganisms on growth of E. parasitica when paired in culture. Filtrates containing extracts of sugar maple outer bark saprophytes had no effect on spore germination or mycelial growth of E. parasitica. Isolations from branch stubs associated with natural cankers and from tissues in the trunk indicated that E. parasitica invaded tissues colonized first by other microorganisms.

Eutypella parasitica: ascospore germination and mycelial growth

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-628
Author(s):  
David W. Johnson ◽  
James E. Kuntz
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Ascospore Germination ◽  
Bark Tissue ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Germ Tubes

Ascospore germination of Eutypella parasitica Dav. and Lor. occurred over a temperature range of 12 to 38 °C. Over 90% of the spores which failed to germinate at lower temperatures germinated within 24 h when placed at 24 °C. Percent germination of ascospores varied in the presence of sugar maple and red maple tissue extracts. Germination was best in the presence of outer bark, sapwood, and leaf tissue of sugar maple and red maple and was poorest in the presence of fresh inner bark tissue excised from red maple. Germ-tube development also varied with type of tissue and treatment of tissue. Long, slender, branching germ tubes developed from spores in the presence of nonsterile leaf, bark, and sapwood, whereas short, thick germ tubes developed in the presence of sterilized leaf tissue and sterilized red maple bark. Age of wounded tissue also influenced percent germination of ascospores. Generally germination was higher when pH of these tissues was greater than 5.6. Mycelial growth was best at 29 °C. Growth rate was influenced by type of medium. Both sugar maple and red maple bark incorporated into agar media had a significant inhibitory effect on diameter growth of the fungus when compared with growth on nonamended media.

Liaisons entre les aptitudes écologiques de différentes souches de Fusarium et leur efficacité dans la protection de plants de lin contre la fusariose vasculaire

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Amir ◽  
Nourredine Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Step Selection ◽  
Global Activity

Thirteen strains of Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum were isolated from an initial lot of 96 and submitted to 11 different tests to determine their ecological aptitudes. Results showed a great diversity with respect to performance. Significant total correlations with the strain aptitudes to protect flax against vascular fusariosis in one soil (efficacy) were obtained for three characters: quantity of microconidia produced (negative correlation), respiratory activity, and antagonistic effect in soil in the presence of a pathogenic fungus (positive correlations). Other properties were studied, such as mycelial growth, production of macroconidia, production of chlamydospores, spore germination aptitude, inhibiting effect of secretions against F. oxysporum f.sp. lini, saprophytic development in disinfected soil, and aptitude to maintain their development and activity in soil; all these properties showed generally high partial correlations with respect to efficacy. The multiple correlations obtained for different aptitude associations tested were clearly more significant than simple correlations. The results suggest that competition among Fusarium spp., here illustrated by efficacy, can be interpreted as a complex power corresponding to the sum of different particular aptitudes, notably: global activity, mycelial growth, sporulation, spore germination capacity, and secretion of compounds inhibiting competing germs. If selection of antagonistic Fusarium strains for biological control were based upon a single criterion, this would be arbitrary in part; a multiple-step selection would be recommended. The present work was performed on a single soil and with a limited number of strains; consequently, further experiments are required.Key words: Fusarium, competition, fusariosis, biological control.[Journal translation]not available

Decay of birdseye sugar maple (Acer Saccharum) and curly red maple (Acer Rubrum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Tara Lee Bal ◽  
Katherine Elizabeth Schneider ◽  
Dana L. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple

Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bazzaz ◽  
J. S. Coleman ◽  
S. R. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration in Mixed Stands in Southern New England

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Browsing preferences by white-tailed deer were evaluated for 6 tree species in northeastern Connecticut. Deer density averaged 23/mile². Deer exhibited no species-specific preferences for seedlings greater than 19 in. For seedlings less than 19 in., hemlock and black birch were preferred. Red maple, sugar maple, and white pine seedlings were avoided. Red oak seedlings were neither preferred nor avoided. A much higher proportion of seedlings greater than 19.7 in. in height was browsed, regardless of species. Browsing preferences for species in the smaller seedling class, combined with a lack of preference for species in the larger class may result in future stands with less diverse tree species composition. Deer densities in excess of 23/mile² may be incompatible with regeneration of diverse forests in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):115-120.

Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. C. Jones ◽  
I. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

A comparison of vegetative cover and tree community structure in three forested Adirondack watersheds

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Cronan ◽  
Marc R. DesMeules
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
New York State ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Cover Type ◽  
Tree Community ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Annual Biomass

The Integrated Lake–Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) was conducted using three forested watersheds (Panther, Sagamore, and Woods) in the central Adirondack Park of New York State. By comparing the biogeochemical behavior of these watersheds, the ILWAS investigators hoped to elucidate the major ecosystem parameters controlling the fate of strong acids introduced from the atmosphere to lake–watershed systems. The ILWAS vegetation research program was designed to compare the quantitative patterns of forest structure in these midelevation watersheds. Results showed that the ILWAS catchments contain closely related variants of the northern hardwood – spruce – fir complex of the Adirondack region. The dominant tree species in these watersheds are beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.). On an areal basis, the watersheds contain 57–88% hardwood cover type and 5–29% spruce–fir cover type. Mean live basal area values range from 22 to 30 m2 ha−1 between catchments, while standing dead basal area values range from 4 to 8 m2 ha−1. Mean live stem densities range from 1400 to 1700 stems ha−1. Mean aboveground biomass projections for the tree stratum in the three watersheds range from 143 to 199 Mt ha−1, while estimated aboveground annual biomass increments range from 4.1 to 5.3% of standing biomass.

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