Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration in Mixed Stands in Southern New England

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Browsing preferences by white-tailed deer were evaluated for 6 tree species in northeastern Connecticut. Deer density averaged 23/mile². Deer exhibited no species-specific preferences for seedlings greater than 19 in. For seedlings less than 19 in., hemlock and black birch were preferred. Red maple, sugar maple, and white pine seedlings were avoided. Red oak seedlings were neither preferred nor avoided. A much higher proportion of seedlings greater than 19.7 in. in height was browsed, regardless of species. Browsing preferences for species in the smaller seedling class, combined with a lack of preference for species in the larger class may result in future stands with less diverse tree species composition. Deer densities in excess of 23/mile² may be incompatible with regeneration of diverse forests in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):115-120.

Natural Regeneration Patterns in Even-Aged Mixed Stands in Southern New England

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Pine Regeneration

Abstract A regeneration survey in southern New England in three different cover types indicated that most of the seedlings present were less than 19.7 in. in height. Although red oak was a principal component of the overstory, it represented a small proportion of regeneration. Black birch and red maple were common regeneration components. There was a general relationship between overstory density and the amount of regeneration. To obtain natural regeneration, a general broad optimum range of overstory densities between 20-80 ft²/ac of basal area is suggested. Successful red oak and sugar maple regeneration was obtained with overstory densities of these species between 20-40 ft²/ac. A higher proportion of these species did not result in more regeneration. White pine regeneration was closely related to the amount of white pine in the overstory, however. The density of mountain laurel seemed to have little effect on the establishment of regeneration. The greater the length of time since last harvest, the more oak seedlings would be present in hard-wood stands. The opposite was true for red maple, black birch, and hemlock. North. J. Appl For. 7:163-168, December 1990.

Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bazzaz ◽  
J. S. Coleman ◽  
S. R. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

Nutrient concentration and acid–base status of leaf litter of tree species characteristic of the hardwood forest of southern Quebec

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Côté ◽  
James W. Fyles
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Mean Differences

Leaf litter of 15 tree species characteristic of the deciduous and mixed forest of southern Quebec were analyzed for pH, directly titrable acids and bases in water extracts, ash bases, excess bases, excess ash bases, and for levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. We hypothesized that many tree species typical of the climax of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) dominated forest have leaf litter with a higher base status than sugar maple and red maple (Acerrubrum L.) leaf litter, and that the base status of leaf litter would be lower on wet sites. Mean differences among species were highly significant (p < 0.0001) for all variables related to acidity or bases, but the effect of drainage was not. Red and sugar maple leaf litter was very acid and low in N concentration. American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.) and red oak (Quercusrubra L.) leaf litter was not very acidic but was low in nutrient concentrations. White pine (Pinusstrobus L.) was lowest in all nutrients and ash bases but was low in titrable acidity. Directly titrable bases in leaf litter extracts were correlated positively with leaf litter N and Mg, and ash bases were positively correlated with leaf litter Ca and Mg. Many species typical of the sugar maple climax may have better soil ameliorating potential than sugar and red maple.

Late-Glacial and Postglacial Vegetational History of the Berkshires, Western Massachusetts

1979 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
New England ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Berkshire County ◽  
History Of

A pollen analytical investigation of the sediments of Berry Pond, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, has demonstrated a sequence of pollen assemblage zones similar to those detected elsewhere in New England. From about 13,000 to 12,000 yr B.P. the vegetation of the region was treeless, probably tundra. By 11,500 yr tundra had been replaced by open boreal forest. Closed boreal forest became dominant by 10,500 yr. Boreal forests were replaced by mixed coniferous and deciduous forests with much white pine about 9600 yr ago. A “northern hardwoods” complex with much hemlock, beech, and sugar maple succeeded the mixed forests 8600 yr ago. Hemlock declined very rapidly approximately 4800 yr ago and was replaced by birch, oak, beech, ash, and red maple. This decline may have been biologically rather than climatically induced. There is a slight maximum of pine (much of it pitch pine) from 4100 to 2600 yr ago, perhaps indicative of warmer and/or drier conditions. There were slight changes in the forests about 1600 yr ago as chestnut immigrated and spruce and larch increased slightly. European land clearance and subsequent land abandonment are detectable in the uppermost levels.

Development patterns in two hemlock–hardwood stands in southern New England

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Constant Rate

Two forest stands, composed primarily of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.), were studied by stand-reconstruction techniques to determine the pattern of development of canopy structure. One stand had originated following clear-cutting 87 years ago; the other, following catastrophic windthrow 44 years ago. Juvenile height growth of the hardwood species was much greater than that of hemlock and a stratified canopy developed by age 30 years, with hardwoods forming an overstory canopy above hemlock. Hemlocks maintained overstory positions only if they were 3 m or more in height immediately following canopy disturbance. In the older stand, hardwood height growth was about twice that of the tallest understory hemlocks during the first 30 years. The hardwood overstory slowed after that and grew at the same rate as the tallest understory hemlocks, which maintained a constant rate of height growth, and a constant to accelerating rate of basal area growth for much of the 87-year measurement period. The height growth of the tallest understory hemlocks was apparently limited in part by breakage of terminal shoots, caused by abrasion against branches of overstory hardwood crowns.

Diversification of tree stands as a means to manage pests and diseases in boreal forests: myth or reality?

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
Harri Vehviläinen ◽  
Janne Riihimäki ◽  
Kai Ruohomäki ◽  
Pekka Kaitaniemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Tree Species Diversity ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Pure forest stands are widely believed to be more prone to pest outbreaks and disease epidemics than mixed stands, leading to recommendations of using stand diversification as a means of controlling forest pests and pathogens. We review the existing evidence concerning the effects of stand tree-species diversity on pests and pathogens in forests of the boreal zone. Experimental data from published studies provide no overall support for the hypothesis that diversification of tree stands can prevent pest outbreaks and disease epidemics. Although beneficial effects of tree-species diversity on stand vulnerability are observed in some cases, in terms of reductions in damage, these effects are not consistent over time and space and seem to depend more on tree-species composition than on tree-species diversity per se. In addition, while mixed stands may reduce the densities of some specialized herbivores, they may be more attractive to generalist herbivores. Given that generalist mammalian herbivores cause considerable tree mortality during the early stages of stand establishment in boreal forests, the net effect of stand diversification on stand damage is unlikely to be positive.

White Pine Management: Volume and Value Growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Hibbs ◽  
William R. Bentley
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Management Volume ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Final Harvest

Abstract Physical and financial yields from investments in white pine spacing control were estimated using a simulation model sensitive to site quality and changes in spacing. Financial returns were estimated using two assumptions each for price-diameter relationships, real interest rates, and precommercial spacing costs. Management guidelines were developed on the basis of the results. Precommercial thinning was not recommended. First thinnings were suggested as average tree size reaches commercial minimums (45 to 60 yr, depending on site and utilization standards) and final harvest was recommended at 60 to 75 yr, again depending on site and standards. Comparison of pine and oak management opportunities in southern New England favored pine, even if substantial investments were required for hardwood control. North. J. Appl. For. 4:197-201, December 1987

Classifying forestland from model-generated tree species habitat suitability in the Western Ecoregion of Nova Scotia, Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Baah-Acheamfour ◽  
Charles P.-A. Bourque ◽  
Fan-Rui Meng ◽  
D. Edwin Swift
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Hybrid Classification

Forestland classification is central to the sustainable management of forests. In this paper, we explore the possibility of classifying forestland from species–habitat–suitability indices and a hybrid classification of modeled data. Raster-based calculations of species–habitat–suitability were derived as a function of landscape-level descriptions of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil water content (SWC), and growing degree-days (GDD) for southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. PAR and SWC were both generated with the LanDSET model and GDD from thermal data captured with the space-borne MODIS sensor. We compared the distribution of predicted forestland types with the natural range of target species as found in the provincial permanent sample plots (PSPs). Reasonable agreement (≥50% accuracy) existed between some forestland types (e.g., red maple – white birch – red oak and balsam fir – red maple) and PSP-based assessments of species presence–absence. Agreement was noticeably lower for other forestland types, such as sugar maple – beech – yellow birch (<50% accuracy). This discrepancy is attributed to forest-forming factors not directly addressed by the model, e.g., forest succession, stand interventions, and disturbance. Their addition in the model could change the dynamics of tree-species preference in southwest Nova Scotia and is worth examining. True model inaccuracies accounted for about 0.3%–15.0% of the total reported error.

An occurrence of boron deficiency in the deciduous forest of the Quebec Appalachians and the St. Lawrence Lowlands

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1652-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bernier ◽  
M. Brazeau
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Overstory Trees ◽  
Vast Area

In mid-June 1985, visual symptoms of boron deficiency were observed on the seedlings of several tree species in the understory of the deciduous forest of the Quebec Appalachians and the St. Lawrence Lowlands. Symptoms observed on sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and red maple (Acerrubrum L.) are described and illustrated. Although symptoms were most abundant in stands on sandy soils, they were present throughout a vast area. Symptoms were most developed on fast-growing regeneration, while on overstory trees they were seen in only one of the nine sites visited. This temporary boron deficiency is thought to be related to the low temperatures that prevailed during the 2nd week of June 1985, together with the heavy rainfall in the first 2 weeks of that month.

scholarly journals Height-Diameter Equations for Select New Hampshire Tree Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Fast ◽  
Mark J. Ducey
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Bartlett Experimental Forest

Abstract Height-diameter equations are important in modeling forest structure and yield. Twenty-seven height-diameter equations were evaluated for eight tree species occurring in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire using permanent plot data from the Bartlett Experimental Forest. Selected models with associated coefficients are presented for American beech, eastern hemlock, paper birch, red maple, red spruce, sugar maple, white ash, yellow birch, and all 16 species combined.

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