The impact of two harvesting systems on residual stems in a partially cut stand of northern hardwoods

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Nichols ◽  
R.C . Lemin Jr. ◽  
W.D. Ostrofsky
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Residual Stand Damage ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Better Than

Residual stand damage was evaluated following partial cutting with a mechanical and a conventional harvesting system in a northern hardwood stand in Maine. Damage from harvesting using a swing to bunch feller–buncher and grapple skidder was compared with damage from a chainsaw and cable skidder operation. Harvesting resulted in actual residual basal areas of 10 and 16.5 m2/ha in a heavy and light conventional treatment, respectively, and in 9 and 6.9 m2/ha in two mechanized treatments. The proportion of stems wounded averaged 22–44% in the conventional, and 20–31% in the mechanized operation. Wounds were significantly (p < 0.05) longer in the heavy conventional [Formula: see text] treatment than in light conventional [Formula: see text] and mechanized ([Formula: see text] and 60.2 cm) treatments. Wounds were located higher on the stems in the 9 m/ha mechanized [Formula: see text] than in the 10 m2/ha conventional treatment [Formula: see text]. A separate survey of the mechanized harvest showed that season of harvest (winter vs. summer) significantly affected wound location and the wound width to tree circumference ratio. A model was developed that relates harvesting treatment (light and heavy conventional and two heavy mechanical), species, distance of a stem from the edge a skid trail or access corridor, and initial stand basal area to the probability of injuring an individual stem. Mechanized harvesting using equipment with long-reach swing to bunch felling capability appears to be better than some other mechanical systems, and no worse than conventional harvesting systems, but the need to further reduce damage levels is evident.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Stand Damage Following Timber Harvests in West Virginia

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt C. Hassler ◽  
Shawn T. Grushecky ◽  
Mary Ann Fajvan
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Plot Sampling ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Residual Stand Damage ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Timber Harvests

Abstract Fixed plot sampling was used to measure residual stand damage on 101 harvested stands in West Virginia. Damage was categorized for roots, base, bole, and crown components of all trees 4 in. dbh and greater. The level of damage was correlated to both preharvest and residual stand densities. Equations were developed to estimate stand damage, based on preharvest and residual stand basal area and trees per acre. These equations were found to reasonably estimate levels of stand damage from previous studies in partial/selection cuts, but not in thinnings. North. J. Appl. For. 16(4):191-196.

Stand Damage Following Whole-Tree Partial Cutting in Northern Forests

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Cline ◽  
Benjamin F. Hoffman ◽  
Michael Cyr ◽  
William Bragg
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Tree Injury ◽  
Residual Stand Damage ◽  
Whole Tree

Abstract Eighteen mechanically harvested, partially cut hard- and mixed-wood stands in New England were examined to determine the extent of logging damage. Frequency of crop tree damage averaged 9.6%. Tree injury, both incidence and severity, was not related to location relative to skid trails or landings. Variations in damage level between sites was not explained by numbers of trees per acre, size of trees, or basal area prior to or after harvest, but cover type, rockiness, and season of harvest in combination accounted for a small part of the site-to-site differences. Residual stand damage appeared to be most influenced by the care in harvest planning and the experience of the equipment operators. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):72-76.

scholarly journals Loblolly Pine Outperforms Slash Pine in Southeastern Georgia and Northern Florida

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry D. Shiver ◽  
John W. Rheney ◽  
Kenneth L. Hitch
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Better Than

Abstract A total of 141 paired plot installations remain of the 160 that were planted with slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly (P. taedaL.) pine across southeastern Georgia and northern Florida, after 14 growing seasons. Installations were evenly distributed across eight soil types. Analyses indicate that loblolly performed equal to or better than slash pine. There were no soil X species interactions. After 14 yr, loblolly pine had significantly higher survival (71% vs. 66%), stand basal area (98 vs. 81 ft2/ac), total stand volume (1857 vs. 1721 ft3/ac), merchantable stand volume (1497 vs. 1310 ft3/ac), total green weight (53 tons vs. 47 tons), and merchantable green weight (45 vs. 35 tons/ac) than slash pine. Growth over the period from age 11 to age 14 was also higher for loblolly than for slash indicating that the difference in the two species is diverging over time. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1): 31-36.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis on the impacts of partial cutting on forest structure and carbon storage

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3691-3703 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zhou ◽  
S. Q. Zhao ◽  
S. Liu ◽  
J. Oeding
Keyword(s):  
Forest Structure ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Cutting Intensity ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Area And Volume

Abstract. Partial cutting, which removes some individual trees from a forest, is one of the major and widespread forest management practices that can significantly alter both forest structure and carbon (C) storage. Using 748 observations from 81 studies published between 1973 and 2011, we synthesized the impacts of partial cutting on three variables associated with forest structure (mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH), stand basal area, and volume) and four variables related to various C stock components (aboveground biomass C (AGBC), understory C, forest floor C, and mineral soil C). Results show that the growth of DBH increased by 111.9% after partial cutting, compared to the uncut control, with a 95% bootstrapped confidence interval ranging from 92.2 to 135.9%, while stand basal area and volume decreased immediately by 34.2% ([−37.4%, −31.2%]) and 28.4% ([−32.0%, −25.1%]), respectively. On average, partial cutting reduced AGBC by 43.4% ([−47.7%, −39.3%]), increased understory C storage by 391.5% ([220.0%, 603.8%]), but did not show significant effects on C stocks on forest floor and in mineral soil. All the effects, if significant (i.e., on DBH growth, stand basal area, volume, and AGBC), intensified linearly with cutting intensity and decreased linearly over time. Overall, cutting intensity had more strong impacts than the length of recovery time on the responses of those variables to partial cutting. Besides the significant influence of cutting intensity and recovery time, other factors such as climate zone and forest type also affected forest responses to partial cutting. For example, a large fraction of the changes in DBH growth remains unexplained, suggesting the factors not included in the analysis may play a major role. The data assembled in this synthesis were not sufficient to determine how long it would take for a complete recovery after cutting because long-term experiments were scarce. Future efforts should be tailored to increase the duration of the experiments and balance geographic locations of field studies.

Tree vigor and stand growth of Douglas-fir as influenced by laminated root rot

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 985-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Oren ◽  
Walter G. Thies ◽  
Richard H. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Total stand sapwood basal area, a measure of competing canopy leaf area, was reduced 30% by laminated root rot induced by Phellinusweirii (Murr.) Gilb. in a heavily infected 40-year-old coastal stand of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) compared with that of a similar uninfected stand. Annual basal area increment per unit of sapwood area, an index of tree vigor, was expected to increase in uninfected trees in the infected stand as surrounding trees died from root rot; vigor of the uninfected trees did increase by an average of 30%, offsetting the reduction in canopy leaf area. This increase, although less than might be expected in an evenly spaced thinned stand, was sufficient to maintain stand basal area growth at levels similar to those of unthinned forests. These findings indicate that increased growth by residual trees must be taken into account when the impact of disease-induced mortality on stand production is assessed.

scholarly journals Assessment of Factors Contributing to Residual Tree Damage from Mechanized Harvesting in Northern Hardwoods

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Seablom ◽  
David D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Excessive Amount ◽  
Northern Hardwoods ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Residual Tree ◽  
Silvicultural Prescriptions ◽  
Diameter Classes

Abstract Seven northern hardwood stands were evaluated for damage after mechanized harvesting. Four different harvesting systems were evaluated: harvester and grapple skidder, processor and forwarder, chainsaw and cable skidder, and chainsaw and forwarder. There was not an excessive amount of damage occurring to any of the residual stands, and there was an adequate number of residual trees per acre in all diameter classes to meet residual stand structure goals. The majority of the damage that did occur was to the bole portion of the tree and to the 2–8-in. dbh size classes. There was no strong relationship between amount of damage occurring to residual trees and the number of residual trees per acre, residual basal area per acre, or distance to skid trail. These results indicate that mechanized harvesting can be used in northern hardwoods without causing excessive damage to the residual stand. Recommendations are to continue with current silvicultural prescriptions and to increase forester-operator communication to minimize residual tree damage.North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):124–131.

scholarly journals Quantitative and qualitative effects of a severe ice storm on an old-growth beech–maple forest

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 598-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Takahashi ◽  
Ken Arii ◽  
Martin J. Lechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Comparing permanent plots censused in 1997 and again in 2005, we quantified the impact of a severe ice storm on forest composition and dynamics in an old-growth beech–maple forest in eastern Canada. Acer saccharum Marsh. and Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. accounted for 78% of stand basal area immediately before the January 1998 ice storm. By 2005, eight growing seasons after the ice storm, stand basal area had dropped from 49.1 m2/ha to 31.5 m2/ha, and total tree density (>1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH)) decreased from 6350 stems/ha to 3875 stems/ha. However, A. saccharum and F. grandifolia remained dominant, accounting for 74% of stand basal area. Detrended correspondence analysis of relative dominance ratios at each plot in 1997 and 2005 showed that community composition did not change much during this period for either understory (1 cm ≤ DBH < 10 cm) or canopy trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm). The ice storm did not lead to significant recruitment of saplings (DBH ≥ 1 cm), but appears to have only contributed more to the growth of already-established saplings. We conclude that the ice storm of 1998 substantially decreased stand basal area and stem density but did not act to change the overall species composition or tree diversity in this old-growth beech–maple forest.

Nonlinear Models for Stand Table Projection in Northern Hardwood Stands

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Ek
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
A Site ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Nonlinear equation models were developed for prediction of periodic ingrowth, mortality, and survivor growth by 2-in. (5.1-cm) diameter classes in northern hardwood stands. Equations were constructed using 5 year growth records on 132 plots from stands with a broad range of age and size class distributions. The model for number of ingrowth trees in the smallest diameter class measured was [Formula: see text] where G and N are initial stand basal area and number of trees, respectively, on a per acre basis and the bi's are constants. Mortality in a diameter class expressed as trees per acre was described by the model [Formula: see text] where g and n indicate initial basal area and number of trees in a specified diameter class. Survivor growth was described by prediction of the number of trees in a class which grow into the next larger size class during the growth period. The model for the number of stems moving up was [Formula: see text] where S is a site class term. Considerations in the formulation of the models and a discussion of their utility and limitations are also presented.

scholarly journals Environmental Impacts to Residual Stand Damage due to Logging Operations in Hyrcanian Forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghdad JOURGHOLAMI
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Fixed Area ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Residual Stand Damage ◽  
Study Unit ◽  
Selection Of

The development of harvesting systems aims to provide physically feasible, economically viable, and environmentally sound solutions. Residual stand-damage data have been collected from a mixed broadleaved stand in Kheyrud area in Hyrcanian forest in the northern of Iran. After the harvesting operations, for all trees, damage to the bole, roots, extent of the damage, wounding patterns, size and distribution was assessed using stratified systematic sampling with a random start and fixed area plots. Results show that wounding occurred on 16.4% of the remaining trees, but the severity of wounding varied significantly by species. Forty-six percent of wounding for all species combined was considered as small size. The greatest average amount of damage, to a bole, occurred along the first 1m up from the ground and also within 3m of the skid trail centerline (86.4%). Gouges were present on 79% of all scars. The stratification of the study unit would effectively improve accuracy of stand damage surveys. Selection of the appropriate method for damage reduction to trees adjacent skid trails was crucial. According to the results, skidding damage cannot be completely avoided in practice. We suggest that the education and the entertainment of the foresters and workers in forest would be enhanced and the injuries could be explained before the harvesting to the workers. In such a way the damages would be less in the future.

Damage to northern hardwoods from thinning using whole-tree harvesting technology

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1238-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Ostrofsky ◽  
R. S. Seymour ◽  
R. C. Lemin Jr.
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Stand Type ◽  
Northern New England ◽  
Stand Damage ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Total Damage ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Tree Harvesting

A mechanized whole-tree harvesting system, which has recently found widespread use in northern New England, was evaluated for its impact on residual crop trees in two northern hardwood stands in western Maine. Stand type, skid trail spacing, and whether or not skid trails were designated prior to harvesting significantly influenced stand damage levels. A higher mean percentage of residual trees was injured in a Betulapapyrifera Marsh, stand (49%) than in similar treatments in a Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh. – Quercusrubra L. stand (32%). A spacing of 20 m between predesignated trails resulted in less damage (22%) to the remaining trees than a spacing of 40 m (53%), but with many more potential crop trees cut for trails. At both sites, highest total damage was found in treatments where no skid trails were predesignated, with 82 and 43% of the crop trees damaged or removed in the B. papyrifera stand and the Fagus–Quercus stand, respectively. Models were developed to predict the effects of thinning systems, tree size, species, dbh, stand basal area, and distance from tree to skid trail on the probability of being damaged. High damage levels indicate that such harvesting systems are unsuitable for some sites and require careful planning and layout on all sites.

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