Spacing and provenance effects on the performance of shore pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta): 20-year test results

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Y. Xie ◽  
C.C. Ying ◽  
W.D. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Shore Pine

Spacing and provenance effects on the performance of shore pine (Pinuscontorta var. contorta) at a frost-prone site in coastal British Columbia were investigated with respect to mortality, growth, stem defects, and disease and insect damages in a trial with six seed sources that were assigned to seven spacing regimes from 749 to 2990 stems per hectare. Twenty-year test results indicate that mortality was low (2.3% on average) and not significantly influenced by spacing. However, spacing effects on the other traits were significant. Increasing planting density reduced the proportion of stem defected and disease- and insect-damaged trees, slowed diameter and stem volume growth of individuals, and stimulated height growth. Height growth responded to planting density earlier than diameter growth, but diameter growth became more affected as trees grew. The total volume per hectare increases with planting density, but the rate of increase declined as the test proceeded. Response to planting density was homogeneous among provenances with respect to all the traits investigated. However, large and significant regional and provenance differences in mortality, growth, and disease and insect susceptibility were detected. Northern and outer coast provenances demonstrated higher mortality, slower growth, and larger proportions of disease- and insect-damaged trees. Clearly, determining appropriate spacing levels and selecting suitable seed sources are both important for the success of reforestation with shore pine at difficult sites.

Production physiology and morphology of Populus species and their hybrids grown under short rotation. I. Clonal comparisons of 4-year growth and phenology

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1937-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ceulemans ◽  
G. Scarascia-Mugnozza ◽  
B. M. Wiard ◽  
J. H. Braatne ◽  
T. M. Hinckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Hybrid Superiority ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Number Of Branches

Height and diameter growth, stem volume production, leaf phenology and leaf number, and number of branches of Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray, Populusdeltoides Bartr., and their F1 hybrids (P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides) were studied for 4 years in a research plantation in western Washington, United States. Twelve clones (three of each species and six of the hybrids) grew under a short-rotation silviculture regime in monoclonal plots at spacings of 1 × 1 m (10 000 stems/ha). Clones represented a north-south gradient within the geographic distribution of both the two North American poplar species and the parentage of the hybrid material. The results support earlier work by contributing additional evidence for the superiority of the hybrids. However, the relative hybrid superiority in these monoclonal plots was less pronounced than that found earlier in field trials with single-tree plots because of heightened intraclonal competition. After 4 years, mean estimated stem volume of the hybrids was 1.5 times that of P. trichocarpa and 2.3 times that of P. deltoides. Total tree height of the hybrids was 1.1 times that off. trichocarpa and 1.3 times that off. deltoides. Clonal variation was the dominant theme in height and diameter growth, stem volume productivity, time of bud break and bud set, tree mortality, and number of branches. Populustrichocarpa had the highest number of sylleptic branches, P. deltoides had the lowest, and hybrids were intermediate. Significant clone by replicate interactions were observed in height, diameter, and volume growth. Phenological traits, such as the dates of bud break and bud set, and the length of growing period only partly explained the observed differences in growth between the P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids and the parental species.

Growth and foliar nutrition of juvenile western hemlock and western redcedar plantations on low- and medium-productivity sites on northern Vancouver Island: response to fertilization and planting density

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2587-2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Negrave ◽  
C. E. Prescott ◽  
J. E. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Volume Increment

A factorial trial was established to examine the effects of planting density and fertilization on the growth of western redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) and western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) on nutrient-poor (CH) sites and nutrient-medium (HA) sites. Two levels of NPK fertilization were crossed with three levels of planting density (500, 1500, and 2500 stems/ha). Fifteen years after establishment and 10 years after the last fertilizer application, height, individual stem volume increment, stand volume, 5 year periodic annual increment (PAI), and 5 year periodic height increment were all increased by fertilization. Fertilization of CH sites increased annual stand volume increment by 753%–2552% and 122%–209% for hemlock and cedar, respectively; fertilization of HA sites increased PAI by 94%–264%. Volume growth response to fertilization was greater on HA than on CH sites. Increasing stand density reduced height growth on CH sites but not on HA sites. These results suggest that competition for nutrients can be a significant growth-limiting factor even before canopy closure occurs and that treatment of ericaceous sites may not be justified by productivity increases.

Early progeny testing and evaluation of controlled crosses of black spruce

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1442-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne J. Williams ◽  
Bruce P. Dancik ◽  
Richard P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Shoot Height

Known parent F1 crosses of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill) B.S.P.) were ranked in field progeny tests at ages 7 to 13 years for height and stem volume growth. Nine crosses, including two selfs, were chosen for early juvenile progeny testing in a glasshouse environment. Performance of early seedling growth for the same nine families grown under both field and glasshouse conditions were thus compared in a retrospective study. Juvenile–mature correlations were established between a number of traits associated with tree growth and vigor. Within the nine families there was a ranking from "fast"- to "slow"-growing family groups. Monthly measurements of morphological characters at ages 3 to 6 months in the glasshouse showed highly significant family variation for total height, root collar diameter, lateral branch number, needle number, volume, branch length, and shoot, root, and total seedling dry weights. Weekly application of gibberellin A4/7(GA4/7) beginning at age 3 months influenced 5- and 6-month shoot volume and shoot height, and final dry weight measurements (age 6 months). Height growth of the four slowest growing families (two outcrossed, two selfed) was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by GA4/7 application, but the hormone had no significant effect on height growth of the five faster-growing families (all out-crossed). This may indicate that endogenous gibberellins are not limiting for height growth of faster growing families, but may be limiting for height growth of slower growing families. Simple correlations were highly significant between age 7 to 13 years for field height measurements, and 13-year field volume, versus glasshouse height, stem volume, and the several dry weight measurements at age 6 months. Similarly, Spearman rank order correlations were also significant. These strong correlations between early growth in the glasshouse environment and that of field growth (age 7 to 13 years) suggest that the poorest growing crosses can be identified in a juvenile growth progeny tets under glasshouse conditions by at least age 6 months. Rogueing of the poorest performers as a result of glasshouse testing would thus be at least as reliable as rogueing based on 13 years of field assessment. Selected families for such tests should of course come from similar latitudes and elevations

Selection for height growth and Pilodyn pin penetration in lodgepole pine: effects on growth traits, wood properties, and their relationships

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongli Wang ◽  
Sally N Aitken ◽  
Philippe Rozenberg ◽  
Michael R Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Selection For

The effects of selection using indices of height growth and wood density based on Pilodyn pin penetration (PIN) and the relationships among growth traits and wood properties were investigated in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.). Four subpopulations were constructed by selecting 10 open-pollinated families in each of four categories: (i) fast height growth and high wood density, (ii) slow height growth and high density, (iii) fast height growth and low density, and (iv) slow height growth and low density. Eleven-year growth, PIN, and wood-density traits generated from X-ray densitometry were analyzed. We found that selection of subpopulations using indices of height and PIN resulted in significant differences among subpopulations in most growth and wood-density parameters. However, PIN underestimated the wood density of families with large diameter. Disk density was found to be moderately negatively correlated with diameter growth, weakly negatively correlated with stem volume, but not significantly correlated with height. Selection for latewood proportion to improve wood density in lodgepole pine is likely to result in a reduction in growth and biomass production; however, selection for total latewood volume or simply height has the potential to increase both growth and wood density.

scholarly journals Performance variation of lodgepole pine provenances in Latvia

Silva Fennica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aris Jansons ◽  
Roberts Matisons ◽  
Virgilijus Baliuckas ◽  
Liga Purina ◽  
Oskars Krisans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Performance Variation ◽  
Local Selection ◽  
Eastern Baltic

Lodgepole pine ( var. Engelm.) has been extensively introduced in Scandinavia on less productive sites. Under a changing climate, it also has a high potential in the eastern Baltic region; still, its performance there has scarcely been reported. This study investigated the performance of 36 Canadian provenances in 14 trials in western Latvia. Tree dimensions showed notable provenance and provenance-by-environment variation, implying that local selection by provenance can be applied for improved yield. Southern provenances showed the best height growth, while southwestern (more oceanic) provenances excelled in diameter growth. Most of the quality traits were affected by provenance or provenance-by-environment interaction, yet the variation was lower than for the growth traits.Pinus contortalatifolia

scholarly journals Effect of planting density on the development of tree and plantation volume of Populus x euramericana (Dode) Guinier cl. I-214

2005 ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milivoj Vuckovic ◽  
Sinisa Andrasev ◽  
Savo Roncevic ◽  
Martin Bobinac
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Clear Effect ◽  
Biological Laws ◽  
Populus X Euramericana ◽  
Development Phases ◽  
Plantation Density

The effect of plantation density on the stem volume development phases of mean trees of Populus x euramericana (Dode) Guinier, cl. I-214 were studied in the test plantation aged 25 years with two different planting densities 4.25x4.25 m (treatment A) and 6.00x6.00 m (treatment B). The modeling of stem volume growth of mean trees enabled the identification of development phases based on biological laws. Different growth dynamics of mean trees of the clone I-214, depending on plantation density, had a clear effect on the beginning and the end of individual phases, i.e. subphases of development, as well as on the diameters, heights and volumes of mean trees at the end of each phase of volume development.

scholarly journals Effects of Planting Density on Early Growth of Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Robert C. Heald ◽  
Tara M. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Early Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
P Values ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Sequoiadendron Giganteum ◽  
Spacing Distance

Abstract Almost no information exists for stocking and growth of young giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) plantations. This study measured 2,086 giant sequoia seedlings, planted at true spacings of 7 to 20 ft, over a period of 7 yr. Compared to other species that have been studied, giant sequoia shows remarkably early and extensive effects of intertree competition. Unlike results for other species, spacing substantially affects early height growth of sequoia. A general least squares model showed that crown width, stem diameter, and height increased linearly with the natural log of spacing distance at 4, 5, and 7 yr after planting (all P-values < 0.0001). By 7yr, trees at wide spacing (14-20 ft) were showing 45-78% wider annual diameter growth and 29-67% higher annual height growth than trees at one-half each respective spacing (7-10 ft). Results indicate that for close initial planting densities (7-12 ft spacings), early precommercial thinning (before 7 yr after planting) may be required to avoid intertree competition. West. J. Appl. For. 14(2):65-72.

Effects of Crown Thinning on Baldcypress Height, Diameter, and Volume Growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Dicke ◽  
John R. Toliver
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Crown Thinning ◽  
Epicormic Branching

Abstract Crown thinning a 63-year-old stand of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) averaging 220 ft²/ac of basal area to 180, 140, and 100 ft²/ac resulted in 5-year diameter growths of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.77 in., respectively. The unthinned control was significantly less at 0.31 in. Six-year height growth averaged 3.1 ft and was not influenced by treatment. Thinning to 140 and 100 ft²/ac stimulated epicormic branching on many trees, which may lower log quality. All crown thinning treatments appeared to increase sawtimber volume increment and sawtimber volume/ac over the control 5 years after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):252-256.

Impact of tephra deposition on growth in conifers: the year of the eruption

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Hinckley ◽  
Hiromi Imoto ◽  
Katharine Lee ◽  
Susan Lacker ◽  
Yasushi Morikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Root Mortality ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Mount St Helens

Seven sites ranging from 15 to 135 km from Mount St. Helens were selected to study the impact of air-fall tephra on the growth of Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, A. procera Rehd., Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. As tephra depth increased, there was a corresponding increase in visible foliar damage and associated decreases in diameter and height growth. Reduction in diameter growth was greater than reduction in height growth. The reduction in diameter growth approached 50% in both trees and saplings of A. amabilis. Growth reduction in true firs was greater than in associated species. This difference was related to their greater capacity for interception and retention of air-fall tephra. Damage to trees, and resulting growth reductions, were due to tephra coverage of both the foliage and the soil. Coverage of the foliage resulted in foliar damage, foliage abscission and reduction of total tree foliar area, and increased fine root mortality. Tephra coverage of the soil had the potential to restrict oxygen diffusion into the soil. However, soil oxygen concentrations less than 10% were measured only once over a 2-year period.

INFLUENCE OF THE DYNAMICS OF FORCED MOTION ON THE STATIC FRICTION IN METAL-POLYMER SLIDING PAIRS

Tribologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 295 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Mariusz Opałka ◽  
Wojciech Wieleba ◽  
Angelika Radzińska
Keyword(s):  
Relative Motion ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Friction Resistance ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Polymer Metal ◽  
Metal Polymer

The resistance during the frictional interaction of polymeric materials with metallic materials is characterized by a significant dependence on the dynamics of the motion inputs. In a metal-polymer friction pair, the static friction resistance during standstill under load depends on the rate of growth of the force causing the relative motion. Tribological tests of selected (polymer-metal) sliding pairs were carried out. The selected polymers were polyurethane (TPU), polysulfone (PSU), and silicone rubber (SI). They interacted with a pin made of normalized C45 steel under unitary pressure p = 0.5 MPa in dry friction conditions at different gradients of the force driving the relative motion (dF/dt = 0.1-20 [N/s]). The static friction coefficient of the selected sliding pairs was determined on the basis of the recorded static friction force values. The test results show a significant influence of the rate of increase in the motion driving force on the values of static friction resistance. This is mainly due to the viscoelastic properties of polymers.

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