Effects of Crown Thinning on Baldcypress Height, Diameter, and Volume Growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Dicke ◽  
John R. Toliver
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Crown Thinning ◽  
Epicormic Branching

Abstract Crown thinning a 63-year-old stand of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) averaging 220 ft²/ac of basal area to 180, 140, and 100 ft²/ac resulted in 5-year diameter growths of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.77 in., respectively. The unthinned control was significantly less at 0.31 in. Six-year height growth averaged 3.1 ft and was not influenced by treatment. Thinning to 140 and 100 ft²/ac stimulated epicormic branching on many trees, which may lower log quality. All crown thinning treatments appeared to increase sawtimber volume increment and sawtimber volume/ac over the control 5 years after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):252-256.

Different nitrogen sources for fertilizing western hemlock in western Washington

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Radwan ◽  
D. S. DeBell ◽  
S. R. Webster ◽  
S. P. Gessel
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Western Washington

Effects of different sources of fertilizer N on selected chemical characteristics of soils and foliage, and on growth of western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) were compared at three different sites in western Washington. Treatments were the following: untreated control (O), ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium sulfate (AS), calcium nitrate (CN), urea (U), and urea – ammonium sulfate (US). Fertilizers were applied in the spring (April–May) at 224 kg N/ha. Forest floor and mineral soil, to a depth of 5 cm, and foliage were sampled periodically for 2 years. Height and diameter of selected trees were measured periodically for 4 years. Results are reported mostly for two sites, one in the Cascade Range and one in the coastal zone in western Washington. The pH of forest floor and mineral soil varied by treatment, and the two urea fertilizers caused substantial initial rise. Effects on soil and foliar nutrients varied by fertilizer, sampling date, and location. In general, all fertilizers increased NH4 N, N03 N, and total N in the forest floor and mineral soil, and total N in the foliage. Also, with some exceptions, especially with foliar P in the Cascade site, fertilization reduced foliar content of important nutrients. At the Cascade site, 4-year growth responses in height, basal area, and volume averaged over all fertilizers were 30, 34, and 32%, respectively. AN, AS, CN, and urea resulted in height growth significantly (P < 0.20) higher than that of the control. Significant basal area growth and volume-growth responses were produced by AN, CN, and US. No significant height-growth response to any fertilizer occurred in the coastal stand; basal area growth and volume-growth responses averaged 27 and 21%, respectively, and best response occurred with urea. These results suggest that the low and inconsistent response of hemlock to N fertilization cannot be improved by applying some N fertilizer other than urea. Factors limiting response to N fertilization may be associated with availability of native N and other nutrients or other characteristics of hemlock sites and stands.

Observations on the Regeneration of Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) in Louisiana Swamps

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Williams H. Conner ◽  
John R. Toliver
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Myocastor Coypus ◽  
Artificial Regeneration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Partial Shade ◽  
One Year ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Abstract Observations on the success of artificial regeneration of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) are presented for three Louisiana swamp stands logged in 1983. One-year-old baldcypress seedlings were planted in six 0.5 ac plots in each stand in 1985 and monitored for 4 years. Seedlings planted in two of the study areas were totally destroyed by nutria (Myocastor coypus Molina) within 3 months. In the third area, plots in which seedlings were not destroyed displayed over 90% survival during the study. Height growth of seedlings was significantly higher in the plot where basal area was reduced to 100 ft²/ac. Establishing baldcypress regeneration on these sites, artificial or natural, appears to be a difficult task, but when successful, the seedlings initially grow relatively fast even under partial shade. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):115-118.

scholarly journals Growth of Young Douglas-Fir Plantations Across a Gradient in Swiss Needle Cast Severity

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Maguire ◽  
Alan Kanaskie ◽  
William Voelker ◽  
Randy Johnson ◽  
Greg Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Needle Cast ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Swiss Needle Cast

Abstract During the past decade, Swiss needle cast (SNC) damage has intensified in many Douglas-fir plantations in the Coast Range of Oregon, particularly along the immediate north coast. In plantations with severe symptoms, growth losses and reduced tree vigor are evident, but the magnitude of growth losses associated with varying intensities of damage is not known. A growth impact study was conducted in 1997 to quantify retrospectively the relationship between growth losses and visual symptoms in 10- to 30-yr-old Douglas-fir plantations in coastal northwestern Oregon, a population totaling 75,700 ha. A random sample of 70 Douglas-fir plantations was selected from the population and evaluated for Swiss needle cast severity. One 0.02 ha plot was destructively sampled in each plantation to reconstruct past height and basal area growth trends and to characterize foliage loss and distribution. The SNC “effect” was assessed by comparing growth of plantations with varying degrees of Swiss needle cast to growth of those that retained maximal amounts of foliage, after correcting for initial stand density, Douglas-fir growing stock, age, and site index. Of numerous possible SNC indices, mean needle retention (yr) explained the largest amount of variation in both basal area and top height growth. Prior to 1990, top height growth was similar across all plantations after correcting for site quality and plantation age; but, by 1992, top height growth losses appeared and were proportional to apparent foliage losses. In 1996, top height growth was reduced by up to 25% relative to plantations with little or no SNC. Basal area growth reductions began to appear around 1990, and in 1996 basal area growth of the most heavily damaged plantations was 35% less than the growth that would be expected in absence of SNC damage. The inferred volume growth loss for 1996 averaged 23% for the 75,700 ha target population, but this loss averaged as high as 52% for the most severely impacted plantations. West. J. Appl. For. 17(2):86ߝ95.

Long-term differential stem growth responses in mature eastern white pine following release from competition

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie Bevilacqua ◽  
David Puttock ◽  
Terence J Blake ◽  
Darwin Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Growth Allocation ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Volume Increment

The magnitude and duration of the growth response in residual trees following silvicultural release treatments are measures used to assess the success of silvicultural practices. Eighty-eight eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) trees, representing three different dominance classes, were sampled destructively from stands from a single study site that included areas of both unharvested (control) and silvicultural release treatments. The study area consisted of several pine mixedwood stands with understory white pine growing in association with an overstory of predominantly intolerant hardwoods. Annual height, diameter, basal area, stem and sawtimber volume increment, pattern of stem increment allocation along the bole, stem form, and height–diameter ratio were reconstructed over a postrelease period of 23 years using detailed stem analysis. Within 3 years of release, white pine in all dominance classes showed significant increases in diameter, basal area, and volume increment compared with control trees. Differences in the volume increment between released and control trees varied with canopy position, with emergent trees showing the greatest increased volume growth, followed by dominant and intermediate classes, respectively. A temporary shift in the growth allocation pattern along the bole varied depending on crown class, suggesting a period of growth adjustment during which trees are acclimating to changes in resource availability and wind exposure. The shift in growth allocation contributed to increased stem taper, resulting in decreased form class and height–diameter ratios in the released trees.

Influences of paper birch competition on growth of understory white spruce and subalpine fir following spacing

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1962-1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G Comeau ◽  
Jian R Wang ◽  
Tony Letchford
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Paper Birch

Five years after spacing a young, 11 m tall paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) stand, we examine relationships between growth of understory white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and level of birch retention. Our objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of selected measures of competition for estimating the effects of the residual birch and to evaluate the influence of residual birch densities on growth responses of naturally regenerated subalpine fir and white spruce. Basal area of Scouler willow (Salix scouler iana Barratt) and birch were found to effectively predict light transmittance (diffuse noninterceptance). The best models for predicting 4-year volume growth of subalpine fir and white spruce incorporate initial crown volume of the subject trees and transmittance as independent variables. Lorimer's index and Hegyi's index gave similar results to those obtained using basal area and transmittance, suggesting that there is little benefit in including measurements of proximity in a competition index. For both species, the correlation between basal area increment and light was substantially stronger than observed for volume increment. However, height increment of both subalpine fir and spruce was only weakly correlated with measured light levels. The ratio of height increment to volume increment decreased with both increasing initial height and transmittance for subalpine fir and white spruce.

scholarly journals Seoseid puistu juurdekasvu ja koosseisu vahel hariliku männi (Pinus sylvestris L.) enamusega segametsades / Relationships between stand volume growth and composition in mixed stands dominated by Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Ando Lilleleht
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Study Results

Abstract. Relationships between the volume growth of mixed stands and their species composition were analyzed in order to examine the so-called “mixture effect” on stand productivity. The influence of co-species was studied using multiple linear regression analysis. Stand level basal area and height growth models were constructed in order to find out which stand characteristics can be used to describe mixture-effects. The study material originates from the Estonian network of permanent forest growth plots, only stands consisting of mainly (≥ 50% of volume) Scots Pine with Norway spruce and/or Birch spp. as co-species were used. Sample size was 139 5-year measurement periods on 88 plots; stand ages range from 14 to 167 years. The study results indicate that an increasing proportion of birch in the stand causes a negative effect on both basal area and height growth. Spruce seems to be a weaker competitor than other pines as its trend in the model is positive. Also, height growth is more rapid when the mean diameter of spruce is smaller than that of pine. Species composition coefficients for co-species (calculated by standing volume) proved to be the most significant variables that describe stand composition in the models

Growth and yield of unthinned Honduras Pine grown to small sawlog sizes

1969 ◽  
Vol 81 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
John K. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Annual Volume

Unthinned spacing of Honduras pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet) ranging in age from 23.3 to 25 years, was evaluated at four installations in Puerto Rico on the basis of survival, growth, and yield. Results showed that marked significant differences existed in means of survival, diameters, and heights of trees in spacings ranging from 1.5 x 1.5 m to 4.3 x 4.3 m. However, because of decreasing diameter and height growth and increasing mortality in the narrower spacings (1.5 m, 2.1 m), and continued rapid diameter growth in the wider spacings (3.0 m, 4.3 m), there were no significant differences in basal area, total inside bark volume, and mean annual volume increment among spacings. Wide spacings are recommended where early thinnings are not possible.

Analyses of a Forest Drainage Experiment in Northern Ontario. I: Growth Analysis

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Payandeh
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Forest Drainage

This paper presents a growth analysis of a forest drainage experiment carried out over 40 years in northern Ontario. It is based on remeasurement data obtained in 1969 from 38 growth plots established following drainage in 1929 and from increment cores and sectioned trees.Results indicate that both annual tree diameter and height growth increased significantly after draining; that tree growth before draining was related to site quality only, while after draining it was related also to tree vigor and distance of water flow from the nearest ditch; that both stand diameter and height growth were related to site index, stand age, and initial stocking; and that stand basal area and volume growth were, in addition, related to a product sine function of distance of water flow from the ditch, peat moisture, decomposition, and depth.Both individual tree and stand growth responded well to draining, with younger and more vigorous trees that were growing on better-quality sites showing the greatest response. For a given site, growth response was not greatest for trees and stands nearest the ditch, but for those some distance away.

Development patterns in two hemlock–hardwood stands in southern New England

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Constant Rate

Two forest stands, composed primarily of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.), were studied by stand-reconstruction techniques to determine the pattern of development of canopy structure. One stand had originated following clear-cutting 87 years ago; the other, following catastrophic windthrow 44 years ago. Juvenile height growth of the hardwood species was much greater than that of hemlock and a stratified canopy developed by age 30 years, with hardwoods forming an overstory canopy above hemlock. Hemlocks maintained overstory positions only if they were 3 m or more in height immediately following canopy disturbance. In the older stand, hardwood height growth was about twice that of the tallest understory hemlocks during the first 30 years. The hardwood overstory slowed after that and grew at the same rate as the tallest understory hemlocks, which maintained a constant rate of height growth, and a constant to accelerating rate of basal area growth for much of the 87-year measurement period. The height growth of the tallest understory hemlocks was apparently limited in part by breakage of terminal shoots, caused by abrasion against branches of overstory hardwood crowns.

The effect of local stand structure on growth and growth efficiency in heterogeneous stands of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine in central Oregon

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2217-2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B Mainwaring ◽  
Douglas A Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Crown Projection Area

Basal area and height growth were analyzed for individual trees in uneven-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) stands in central Oregon. Basal area growth was modeled as a function of other stand and tree variables to address three general objectives: (1) to compare the predictive ability of distance-dependent versus distance-independent stand density variables; (2) to determine the degree to which small trees negatively affect the growth of overstory trees; and (3) to test for differences in growth efficiency between species and between indices of spatial occupancy used to define efficiency (area potentially available, crown projection area, and a surrogate for total tree leaf area). Distance-dependent variables were found to improve growth predictions when added to models with only distance-independent variables, and small trees were found to have a quantifiably negative effect on the growth of larger trees. While volume growth efficiency declined with increasing levels of spatial occupancy for lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine volume growth efficiency was greatest at the highest levels of crown base sapwood area and crown projection area. The behavior in ponderosa pine resulted from the previously recognized correlation between tree height and total leaf area or crown size. The final statistical models distinguished between the positive effect of relative height and the negative effect of increasing tree size.

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