Early progeny testing and evaluation of controlled crosses of black spruce

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1442-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne J. Williams ◽  
Bruce P. Dancik ◽  
Richard P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Shoot Height

Known parent F1 crosses of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill) B.S.P.) were ranked in field progeny tests at ages 7 to 13 years for height and stem volume growth. Nine crosses, including two selfs, were chosen for early juvenile progeny testing in a glasshouse environment. Performance of early seedling growth for the same nine families grown under both field and glasshouse conditions were thus compared in a retrospective study. Juvenile–mature correlations were established between a number of traits associated with tree growth and vigor. Within the nine families there was a ranking from "fast"- to "slow"-growing family groups. Monthly measurements of morphological characters at ages 3 to 6 months in the glasshouse showed highly significant family variation for total height, root collar diameter, lateral branch number, needle number, volume, branch length, and shoot, root, and total seedling dry weights. Weekly application of gibberellin A4/7(GA4/7) beginning at age 3 months influenced 5- and 6-month shoot volume and shoot height, and final dry weight measurements (age 6 months). Height growth of the four slowest growing families (two outcrossed, two selfed) was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by GA4/7 application, but the hormone had no significant effect on height growth of the five faster-growing families (all out-crossed). This may indicate that endogenous gibberellins are not limiting for height growth of faster growing families, but may be limiting for height growth of slower growing families. Simple correlations were highly significant between age 7 to 13 years for field height measurements, and 13-year field volume, versus glasshouse height, stem volume, and the several dry weight measurements at age 6 months. Similarly, Spearman rank order correlations were also significant. These strong correlations between early growth in the glasshouse environment and that of field growth (age 7 to 13 years) suggest that the poorest growing crosses can be identified in a juvenile growth progeny tets under glasshouse conditions by at least age 6 months. Rogueing of the poorest performers as a result of glasshouse testing would thus be at least as reliable as rogueing based on 13 years of field assessment. Selected families for such tests should of course come from similar latitudes and elevations

Resistance, tolerance, and yield of western black cottonwood infected by Melampsora rust

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
B.J. van der Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Discovery ◽  
The Relationship

Potted ramets of 14 western black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray) clones from southern British Columbia were inoculated with Melampsoraoccidentalis H. Jacks to produce a range of disease severities, and their size and dry weight were determined after 1 or 2 years. Response to inoculation varied significantly between clones. Clones from drier interior locations were less resistant than those from coastal or moister interior locations. Local- (within leaf) or systemic-induced resistance was not detected. Yield (total dry weight) decreased linearly with disease severity. Percent reduction in yield was greater than the cumulative percent leaf area infected for all clones. Yield losses were substantial: dry weights of ramets with disease severity levels similar to those experienced by natural cottonwood populations were about 75% of controls; heavily infected ramets were <50% of controls. Stem:root ratios increased rapidly with increasing disease severity in all clones, and at significantly different rates. Severe infection resulted in substantial mortality in the following winter and reduced initial stem volume growth in the following growing season. Tolerance, defined as the relationship between disease severity and yield, varied significantly between clones. The most significant discovery of this study was that tolerance and resistance were correlated, greater tolerance being associated with reduced resistance. The concepts of resistance, tolerance, and disease hazard, as quantified in this study, can be used to predict yield and to select the most appropriate clones for different disease hazard conditions.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ATRINAL SPRAY ON BRANCHING AND GROWTH OF CHRYSANTHEMUM `FORTUNE'.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1100c-1100
Author(s):  
Hurriah H. Al-Juboory
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Branch Number

Three node stem cuttings of Chrysanthemum `Fortune' were sprayed with Atrinal, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm, to incipient runoff under greenhouse conditions. The results demonstrated that with higher levels of Atrinal, branch number, branch length, plant height, and flower number decreased in both unpinched and pinched plants. At the same time, the dry weight of both pinched and unpinched plants increased. Applications of Atrinal, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm, lengthened the number of days to flower by 40 days.

Response of yellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) seedling shoot growth to low concentrations of O3, SO2, and NO2

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Mahoney ◽  
J. M. Skelly ◽  
B. I. Chevone ◽  
L. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Highly Correlated

Six-week-old yellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) seedlings from one half-sib family were exposed to various combinations of 0.07 ppm O3, 0.06 ppm SO2, and 0.10 ppm NO2 6 h daily for 35 consecutive days. Ozone and SO2 alone did not suppress total shoot elongation compared with control seedlings after the 5-week fumigation period, whereas the combinations of O3 + SO2, SO2 + NO2, or O3 + SO2 + NO2 significantly reduced total shoot height 51, 64, and 51%, respectively. Of the pollutant combinations, SO2 + NO2 most severely inhibited the rate of height growth with this effect initially occurring after only 2 weeks of fumigation. The dry weight of seedlings exposed to O3 + SO2, SO2 + NO2, or O3 + SO2 + NO2 were significantly less than plants exposed to no pollutants, O3, or SO2. Total shoot height growth was highly correlated with seedling dry weight (r = 0.97)

scholarly journals Ten Years of Vegetation Succession Following Ground-Applied Release Treatments in Young Black Spruce Plantations

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Pitt ◽  
Robert G. Wagner ◽  
William D. Towill
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Vegetation Removal

Abstract Responses of planted black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] and associated vegetation were studied for 10 years after conifer release options on two northeastern Ontario sites. Six treatments were compared to untreated check plots, including directed foliar application of glyphosate herbicide, basal bark treatment with triclopyr herbicide, glyphosate capsule injection with the EZ-Ject system, spot-treatment with hexazinone herbicide, manual cutting with brushsaw, and five growing seasons of annual vegetation removal with repeat applications of glyphosate. Ten years after treatment, black spruce survival averaged 86% and varied little among treatments (P > 0.5). Annual vegetation removal treatments resulted in nearly complete domination by spruce, with treated trees exhibiting 16–55% gains in height and 112–476% gains in stem volume growth over untreated trees. Despite rigorous vegetation control on these plots, each of the vegetation groups studied were well represented at the end of the observation period, including deciduous trees, tall shrubs, low shrubs, forbs, ferns, and grasses/sedges. Directed foliar treatment provided good control of herbaceous and woody vegetation around individual crop trees, providing an 8–46% gain in height and a 43–246% gain in stem volume growth. Both spruce and hardwoods shared dominance on these plots. Spot treatments with hexazinone provided similar short-term reductions in herbaceous vegetation, but tended to release shrub species that had a negative net effect on spruce growth. The other release treatments provided only short-term reductions in woody vegetation, which ultimately led to young stands dominated by deciduous tree species. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):123–134.

Critical period of interspecific competition for northern conifers associated with herbaceous vegetation

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 890-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Wagner ◽  
Gina H Mohammed ◽  
Thomas L Noland
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation

Using critical-period analysis, we examined the temporal effects of interspecific competition from herbaceous vegetation on seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) during the first 5 years after planting. The critical period is the time period during stand development when interspecific competition reduces tree growth. We found both similarities and differences in responses among tree species. Gains in stem volume index associated with increasing duration of vegetation control (expressed by weed-free curves) differed among species. In contrast, declines in stem volume index with increasing duration of competition after planting (expressed by weed-infested curves) were equal among species. Critical periods for stem volume index were shorter for shade-intolerant jack and red pine (1 and 2 years after planting) than for more shade-tolerant white pine and black spruce (1-3 years for spruce and 1-4 years for white pine). Intolerant species had greater absolute stem volume growth, but smaller relative declines from continuous association with herbaceous vegetation (85, 81, 78, and 67% for white pine, black spruce, red pine, and jack pine, respectively). Herbaceous vegetation did not affect survival and had a variable influence on height growth of all species.

Effects of height-growth selection on wood density in black spruce in New Brunswick, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y H Weng ◽  
K J Tosh ◽  
M S Fullarton
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Genetic Tests ◽  
Growth Selection

Height growth was the main selection criterion for the early-stage black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) breeding programmein New Brunswick, which has produced significant increases in volume growth. In this study we investigate howthe height-growth selection influences growth traits and wood density. Two genetic tests, a realized gain test of large plotsand a progeny test of small plots, were used for this purpose. Wood density was measured using the Resistograph methodon the standing trees. Growth and wood density of the improved seedlots were compared with those of an unimprovedstand checklot. In the progeny test, height-growth selection not only made the improved seedlots taller but also produceda proportional increase in DBH growth relative to the checklot. In the realized gain test, height-growth selection didincrease height, but did not produce a corresponding increase in DBH growth. Effects of height-growth selection on wooddensity varied with tests: the improved seedlot produced a greater although statistically non-significant decline in wooddensity in the progeny test; this reduction was at a much lesser extent or even non-existent in the realized gain test. Overall,results suggest that the improved growth from early stage improvement activities might not substantially and negativelyaffect wood density in plantation forestry and the predicted reduction in wood density in genetic tests of small plotsmight be inflated. Key words: Resistograph, realized gain test, progeny test, tree improvement

Spacing and provenance effects on the performance of shore pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta): 20-year test results

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Y. Xie ◽  
C.C. Ying ◽  
W.D. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Shore Pine

Spacing and provenance effects on the performance of shore pine (Pinuscontorta var. contorta) at a frost-prone site in coastal British Columbia were investigated with respect to mortality, growth, stem defects, and disease and insect damages in a trial with six seed sources that were assigned to seven spacing regimes from 749 to 2990 stems per hectare. Twenty-year test results indicate that mortality was low (2.3% on average) and not significantly influenced by spacing. However, spacing effects on the other traits were significant. Increasing planting density reduced the proportion of stem defected and disease- and insect-damaged trees, slowed diameter and stem volume growth of individuals, and stimulated height growth. Height growth responded to planting density earlier than diameter growth, but diameter growth became more affected as trees grew. The total volume per hectare increases with planting density, but the rate of increase declined as the test proceeded. Response to planting density was homogeneous among provenances with respect to all the traits investigated. However, large and significant regional and provenance differences in mortality, growth, and disease and insect susceptibility were detected. Northern and outer coast provenances demonstrated higher mortality, slower growth, and larger proportions of disease- and insect-damaged trees. Clearly, determining appropriate spacing levels and selecting suitable seed sources are both important for the success of reforestation with shore pine at difficult sites.

Vertical patterns in specific volume increment along stems of dominant jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and black spruce (Picea mariana) after thinning

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venceslas Goudiaby ◽  
Suzanne Brais ◽  
Frank Berninger ◽  
Robert Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Foliage Density

Jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) total stem volume increment and vertical growth distribution after thinning were quantified and related to foliage biomass, foliage density, and growth efficiency (GE) (stem to foliage biomass ratio). Significant positive stem volume increments were observed following thinning for jack pine (3 years after) and black spruce (4 years after). Both species reacted differently in terms of the distribution in specific volume increments (SVI) (annual stem volume increment to cambial surface ratio): (i) for jack pine, an increase in SVI was first observed at the base of the tree, with the increase moving upwards, showing that the taper was likely to increase following thinning and (ii) for black spruce, the vertical distribution of SVI was constant, leading to no modifications in stem taper. For jack pine, total stem volume growth was related to an increase in GE and a greater foliage biomass at midcrown, with foliage density staying constant. For black spruce, however, no changes in GE, foliage biomass, and foliage mass density were observed.

Effect of drainage and microtopography in forested wetlands on the microenvironment and growth of planted black spruce seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Roy ◽  
Pierre-Y. Bernier ◽  
André P Plamondon ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Forested Wetland ◽  
Drainage Ditch ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Rooting Zone

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings were planted on eight drained forested wetland cutblocks to study the effects of soil type, distance from drainage ditch, and microtopography on the physical conditions of the rooting zone and on seedling growth, survival, and physiology. After two growing seasons, providing a raised planting spot had a greater impact on seedling growth than locally intensive drainage. Less saturated, better aerated, and warmer rooting zone on hummocks increased foliar N and Ca concentrations, which led to significantly greater relative growth rate, terminal shoot height growth, diameter, and survival compared with the seedlings in hollows. The effect of drainage on seedling growth is not conclusive. Depth of the aerobic layer and soil water content at 10 cm depth were similar at all distances to the ditch despite a significantly lower water table level in the 5-m plot. Thus, no significant differences were observed as a function of distance to drainage ditch for water relation and growth parameters except for better height growth in the 5-m plot the second year after planting. Water table levels were identical for both soil types and consequently growth was similar on wet mineral and organic soil types.

Superior growth potential in trees: What is its basis, and can it be tested for at an early age?

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Pharis ◽  
F. C. Yeh ◽  
Bruce P. Dancik
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Hybrid Vigour ◽  
Slow Growing

Inherently rapid growth in black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and radiata pine (Pinusradiata D. Don) could be characterised at a relatively early age (e.g., 3–6 months from germination) by growing progeny of family crosses in near-optimal phytotron or glasshouse environmental conditions. This observation was retrospective in nature, in that the studies of very early performance utilized stored seed from families that had been already tested to age 10+ years in field progeny trials. The very early traits that show the most significant family correlation with the field performance (height or stem volume) are total height, height growth, stem volume, or stem dry weight. The possibility that inherently rapid growth in trees may be causally related to concentration of endogenous plant hormones of the gibberellin class is discussed in relation to the recent finding (S.B. Rood, R.I. Buzzell, L.N. Mander, D. Pearce, and R.P. Pharis. 1988. Science (Washington, D.C.), 241: 1216–1218.) that heterotic growth (hybrid vigour) in maize was strongly related to the concentration of gibberellin A1 (a shoot growth effector in maize) and gibberellin A19 (a precursor to gibberellin A1). Preliminary evidence, based on analysis of hybrid and parental poplar tissue, and on the positive and significant growth response of black spruce slow-growing families (but not fast-growing families) to applied gibberellin (A4/7 mixture), supports the possibility that rapid-growing conifer families may have near-optimal (high) concentrations of endogenous gibberellins, and conversely, that some slow-growing families, at least, may have lower endogenous gibberellin concentrations.

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