Effects of overstory and understory competition and simulated herbivory on growth and survival of white pine seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike R Saunders ◽  
Klaus J Puettmann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Resource Reallocation ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Brush Control

The interactive impact of overstory canopy closure, understory brush control, and simulated white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) herbivory (i.e., clipping) on growth and survival of underplanted white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings was examined. Clipping was conducted in April 1996 and 1997 at three intensities (control, 0% previous year's growth removed; lightly clipped, terminal and 50% previous year's growth removed, and heavily clipped: 100% of previous-year's growth removed) and three frequencies (never clipped, clipped once, clipped 2 years in a row). Decreasing overstory canopy closure and brush competition generally increased growth of seedlings under all clipping regimes, with heavily clipped seedlings showing the least benefit of reduced competition. Although first-year height growth was stimulated after light-intensity clipping, this effect did not persist the following year, and these trees still were significantly shorter than controls at the end of the experiment. Diameter growth was reduced at any clipping intensity or frequency, and remained below controls throughout the experiment. Seedling mortality was higher without brush control and after clipping. Results suggest that increased overstory and understory competition reduced seedling growth and survival. In regards to clipping, initial height growth stimulation may result from (i) resource reallocation away from diameter and root growth and (or) (ii) hormonal redistributions from loss of apical control in the seedling. Since both high competition levels and increased herbivory reduced seedling vigor, we suggest that understory brush control and deer protection (e.g., budcapping) go hand in hand to regenerate white pine.

scholarly journals Growth and Injury Patterns of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Seedlings as Affected by Hardwood Overstory Density and Weeding Treatments

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome A. Krueger ◽  
Klaus J. Puettmann
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Abstract White pine seedlings were underplanted under a range of overstory densities in a hardwood stand in northern Minnesota. Vegetation surrounding seedlings was left untreated (control), weeded annually, or completely removed through monthly weeding. After 4 years, the benefit of weeding woody competition for diameter growth of seedlings was limited to areas with relatively open overstory conditions. Seedling height growth was reduced in areas with higher overstory density, but improved through weeding treatments that removed woody vegetation. The removal of herbaceous vegetation did not improve growth of seedlings in any conditions. Open growing conditions created by overstory removal and weed control resulted in higher incidences of seedling injuries, e.g., through infection by white pine blister rust. Conditions for pine bark adelgids also were enhanced in areas with low overstory densities and weeding treatments. The incidence for white pine weevil seems to follow a similar pattern, although the number of trees infected was minimal. Results show that improving growing conditions through management of the overstory and understory vegetation improves seedling growth rates, but must be balanced with potentially higher incidences of seedling injuries under more open conditions.

Response of Suppressed White Pine Saplings to Release During Shelterwood Cutting

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty ◽  
Petya K. Entcheva
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Sprout Growth ◽  
Herbicide Control

Abstract The need for herbicide control of hardwood understories is widely recognized for successful regeneration of white pine, because of the slow height growth of pine seedlings; however, it is often not carried out in the low-investment silviculture frequently practiced in New England. This study examined the ability of suppressed white pine saplings to respond to release following a shelterwood establishment cut where no hardwood control was done. Measurements of regeneration were made 11 yr after cutting in a mature pine-oak stand on a till soil in central Massachusetts. Pine seedlings established after the cut were surpassed in height by hardwood seedling and sprout growth. Older suppressed pine saplings which predated the establishment cut (10 to 38 yr old at the time of the cut, with mean heights of 0.4 to 2.0 m) quickly responded to release and grew to mean heights of 3.8 to 5.1 m 11 yr after cutting; these were within 1.5 m of the height of the tallest hardwoods. Retention of older pine saplings during shelterwood establishment cutting may provide a way of maintaining a white pine component in newly regenerated stands, particularly where herbicide control of hardwood competition is not planned. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1):166-169.

Benomyl Root Dips Adversely Affect First-Year Performance of Stored Loblolly Pine Seedlings

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Stumpff ◽  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Beneficial Response ◽  
Clay Slurry ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Dipping loblolly pine roots into a clay slurry containing benomyl (1.25% active ingredient) at the time of packing did not improve survival of seedlings stored (near 3°C) for 1 to 4 weeks. In some situations, benomyl decreased out-planting survival. Regardless of lifting date or storage length, benomyl slightly decreased first-year height growth (by 12 to 17%). Although previous research has demonstrated that a benomyl treatment can improve the ability of March-lifted seedlings to withstand prolonged storage, a beneficial response is not yet predictable for loblolly pine seedlings lifted between October and February. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):133-137.

Converting Rhododendron-Laurel Thickets to White Pine with Picloram and Mycorrhizae-Inoculated Seedlings

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Neary ◽  
James E. Douglass ◽  
John L. Ruehle ◽  
Walter Fox
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Rhododendron Maximum ◽  
Pellet Formulation

Abstract A ridge site in the Appalachian highlands of North Carolina was prepared for planting container-grown white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings by treatment with herbicide. A pellet formulation of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) containing 10% acid equivalent was applied in May 1978. Control of rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.), laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.), and other hardwood vegetation was sufficient to allow pine establishment. White pine survival was 96% 18 months after planting. Inoculation of seedlings while still in the greenhouse with the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch did not significantly affect seedling survival, total height, seasonal height growth, or basal diameter in the field. Height growth the second growing season after planting 6-month, container-grown stock averaged 5.1 to 7.5 inches. Eighteen months after planting, total seedling height averaged 13.3 inches, with the tallest exceeding 29.1 inches. Both height and diameter growth of white pine seedlings were inversely related to the degree of shading from remaining vegetation.

Recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings from simulated browse damage

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G Shelton ◽  
Michael D Cain
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Multiple Stems

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings are frequently browsed by a wide variety of animals during the first few years of their development. Although anecdotal observations indicate that the potential for seedling recovery is good, there is little quantitative information on the factors affecting the recovery process. Thus, we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of the extent and season of simulated browse damage on the recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings under controlled conditions. Seedlings were clipped at five positions: at the midpoint between the root collar and cotyledons and so that 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the height between the cotyledons and the terminal remained after clipping. Clipping treatments were applied in two seasons: winter and spring. All seedlings clipped below the cotyledons died, confirming that dormant buds or lateral shoots are required for recovery. Survival of seedlings clipped above the cotyledons was 97% for winter clipping and 96% for spring clipping. Most of the seedling mortality (73%) was for seedlings with only 25% of their height remaining. Regression analysis revealed that second-year seedling size was positively affected by first-year size and percentage of remaining height after clipping and that seedlings clipped in winter were larger at 2 years than those clipped during spring. Logistic regression indicated a higher probability of multiple stems resulting from the more severe clipping treatments. Clipping season and severity also significantly affected the probability for tip moth (Rhyacionia spp.) damage, which occurred more frequently in the larger seedlings. Results suggest that planting seedlings deep, with the cotyledons just below ground level, may be an advantage in areas where browse damage is common.

Effects of Sulfometuron on the Emergence and Growth of Seeded Northern Red Oak, White Ash, and White Pine

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry H. McCormick ◽  
David H. Allen ◽  
John W. Groninger ◽  
Todd W. Bowersox
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Pine ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract Sulfometuron (Oust®) and glyphosate (Roundup®) were applied separately and as tank mixes to plots direct seeded with northern red oak, white ash, and white pine. Treatments included applications of glyphosate, sulfometuron (low and high rate), sulfometuron (low and high rate) + glyphosate, and an untreated control. Results after 2 years showed no effect of sulfometuron at either rate on the emergence of northern red oak and white ash. Emergence of white pine was reduced by both rates of sulfometuron alone or in combination with glyphosate. Sulfometuron at the higher rate alone or in combination with glyphosate reduced the height growth of northern red oak and white ash, and increased first-year mortality of northern red oak. Height growth and first-year survival of white pine was not affected by either rate of sulfometuron. Glyphosate alone or in combination with sulfometuron at the lower rate had no adverse effect on the emergence or seedling growth of northern red oak, white ash, or white pine. North. J. Appl. For. 8(1):9-11

Effects of chilling and photoperiod on dormancy release of container-grown loblolly pine seedlings

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin P. Garber
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Broad Temperature Range ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Chilling Requirement ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Chilling Temperatures

Loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedlings, which set bud in fall, required exposure to chilling temperatures before growth could resume under a 10- or 12-h photoperiod; whereas a 14-h photoperiod partially substituted for the chilling requirement. A 10- to 14-h photoperiod, however, did not affect the rate of budbreak once the chilling requirement was satisfied. A broad temperature range (0 – 12 °C) was equally effective in satisfying the chilling requirement. In situations where subfreezing temperatures were sufficient to decrease the extent of shoot growth or result in seedling mortality, the rate of budbreak for surviving seedlings was not affected. Exposure to low but above freezing temperatures beyond that necessary to satisfy the chilling requirement for budbreak resulted in increased height growth. Chilling temperatures apparently were involved both in ameliorating bud dormancy and promoting vegetative growth.

Short-term changes in Pinus strobus sapling height/diameter ratios following partial release: testing the acclimative stem-form development hypothesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. Zenner
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Growth Allocation ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Form Development ◽  
Partial Release

Following release, mature trees can acclimatively shift aboveground growth allocation from height to diameter at breast height (DBH) growth to adjust their stem form (reducing height/diameter ratio (HDR)) to better withstand increased wind stress. The purpose of this study was to determine if, over a 6-year period, 7- to 12-year-old eastern white pines ( Pinus strobus L.) also responded to different levels of partial release with (i) stem-form adjustments (reduced HDR) through growth-allocation shifts from height to DBH growth and (ii) lower HDR values (shorter heights) than for unreleased trees of the same DBH (“acclimative stem-form development hypothesis”). Over the 6-year postrelease period, juvenile white pine seedlings exhibited unsynchronized height and DBH growth response patterns that depended on their prerelease height growth. Height growth of faster growing white pines was temporarily reduced. Concurrently, DBH growth was enhanced with increasing release intensity. HDR reductions followed a fairly narrow and predictable trajectory, but HDR values of released trees were not lower than those of unreleased trees of the same DBH after 6 years. Juvenile white pine seedlings appear to maintain a balance among aboveground tree parts to enhance future tree stability, which may be an adaptive trait for moderately shade-tolerant species.

Performance of Eastern White Pine and Competing Vegetation Following Two Methods of Stand Conversion

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip C. Freeman ◽  
D. H. Van Lear
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Stand Conversion ◽  
Sprout Growth

Abstract Growth and survival of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings planted beneath a residual hardwood overstory were compared for two growing seasons with seedlings in a clearcut area in the Piedmont of South Carolina. After two growing seasons, average diameter of white pine seedlings was significantly greater in the clearcut area. Seedling diameters in the clearcut were further increased by herbicide spraying, but not in the residual overstory plots where overstory competition inhibited sprout growth. Neither height growth nor survival (49 percent overall) of white pine seedlings was influenced by any treatment combination.

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