Spruce terpenes: expression and weevil resistance

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Nault ◽  
J F Manville ◽  
T S Sahota
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Better Than

White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) parent trees were selected that were rated as highly resistant or highly susceptible to white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) attack, based upon attack measurements on their open-pollinated progeny. For each parent, levels of terpenes or other volatiles in leaf and bark were highly correlated within ramets and highly variable within progeny. For the ramets, levels of individual terpenes could not be used to predict resistance class because of their large variability. A multivariate model developed using the terpenes showing the greatest differences between resistant classes was found to predict the resistance levels of the original ortets well, with 15 of 16 parent trees correctly predicted using either leaf or bark chemicals. These models failed to predict the resistance level of the open-pollinated progeny. Discriminant analysis was also attempted by dividing the ramet data into independent sets and using each set to predict the other. Again, prediction was no better than chance. We conclude that there is no merit in using terpenes as a selection tool to find resistant genotypes amongst white and Engelmann spruce populations.

Effects of fertilization on resin canal defences and incidence of Pissodes strobi attack in interior spruce

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara vanAkker ◽  
René I Alfaro ◽  
Robert Brockley
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
White Pine Weevil

The effects of six fertilization treatments on tree height and incidence of attack by the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), on interior spruce (a hybrid, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) were explored in a field study. In a corresponding laboratory study, changes in constitutive and traumatic resin canal defences in response to fertilization were measured. Incidence of weevil attack increased with fertilization intensity. This trend was explained by increased resources available for weevil feeding (adults and larvae) as a result of increased leader size and bark thickness, as well as by an observed weakening in the tree's constitutive resin canal defences. The ability of interior spruce to produce a traumatic resin response was not influenced by fertilization. Although incidence of weevil attack was greatest in trees from the most intense fertilization treatments, height losses due to weevil attack were not as great as height gains due to fertilization treatment. Therefore, we concluded that fertilization is a feasible option for increasing productivity of interior spruce plantations, particularly if other weevil control alternatives are implemented.

scholarly journals Past infestations of the white pine weevil in naturally regenerated spruce stands

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy T. M. Kimoto ◽  
John H. Borden ◽  
Rene I. Alfaro
Keyword(s):  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Past infestations of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), were reconstructed by examining standing and felled trees in naturally regenerated interior spruce stands in the McGregor Model Forest in northern B.C. Infestations were common in both the Sub-Boreal Spruce (SBS), wet cool (SBSwk) and very wet cool (SBSvk) biogeoclimatic subzones, demonstrating that frequent weeviling is a natural event that predates human intervention. Approximately one-third of all stem defects in 32 felled trees were verified as caused by the weevil. In the SBSwk and SBSvk 56.3% and 81.3% of felled trees contained weevil-caused defects, with 1.9 and 2.1 defects per tree, respectively. Trees in the SBSvk had significantly more weevil attacks high on the bole than trees in the SBSwk. Key words: white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi, white spruce, Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii × P. glauca

PREDATION BY LONCHAEA CORTICIS (DIPTERA: LONCHAEIDAE) ON THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 1259-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Alfaro ◽  
J. H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
White Pine Weevil

AbstractThe predatory behavior of Lonchaea corticis Taylor on the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, in Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., was studied by temporal sampling and dissection of terminal leaders, and by laboratory experiments. L. corticis oviposition occurred when mining P. strobi larvae were consolidating the feeding ring, an event that segregates the weevil larvae into healthy front-feeders and weak, starving "followers." The number of L. corticis within a Sitka spruce terminal was highly correlated with the number of weak and dying P. strobi larvae, but not with healthy larvae.L. corticis larvae experimentally deprived of dead P. strobi larvae, behaved as an effective predator, consuming both weak P. strobi larvae and healthy pupae, but apparently not healthy larvae. The transition of L. corticis from second to third instar appeared to occur only after sufficient weevils had been consumed. When an excess of prey was present, L. corticis larvae consumed a mean of 2.9 P. strobi pupae over their entire life cycle. In choice experiments, L. corticis larvae searched for and located mining P. strobi larvae, and fed preferentially on P. strobi pupae rather than granary weevil pupae, Sitophilus granarius L. Under certain circumstances, L. corticis could be an important regulatory agent of P. strobi populations.

Taxonomy and origin of present-day morphometric variation in Picea glauca (×engelmannii) seed-cone scales in North America

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L Strong ◽  
L.V. Hills
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
Cone Scale

White spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and Engelmann spruce ( Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seed-cones from 676 sites in Canada and the northern United States were analyzed to determine the degree and spatial extent of interspecific hybridization. Fifteen cone-scale variables were analyzed, with percent free-scale and scale shape considered best for differentiating these taxa. The results show that putative Engelmann spruce and their hybrids occur mostly in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. Putative white spruce occurs across Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, whereas white × Engelmann hybrids occur eastward to Manitoba and northward to 68° latitude in northwest Canada. To explain the occurrence of the latter taxon hundreds of kilometres from an Engelmann spruce pollen source, it is hypothesized that palaeohybridization occurred during the Wisconsinan glacial period, probably in the southern Montana – Wyoming – Black Hills (South Dakota) region, with the resulting hybrids spreading north and northeastward into interior Canada following the retreat of the Laurentide glacier. White and Engelmann spruce have morphologically distinct cone-scales, whereas their hybrids have intermediate characteristics. An emended species ( Picea albertiana ) and two subspecies (P. albertiana subsp. albertiana and P. albertiana subsp. ogilviei) are proposed to account for morphological intermediates between the parent species.

Tree recruitment from burn edges

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1264-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
D F Greene ◽  
E A Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Tree Recruitment ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Large Fires

We developed and tested a wind-dispersal model of tree recruitment into burns from living sources at the fire edge or from small unburned residual stands. The model was also tested on recruitment of serotinous Pinus banksiana Lamb. within a burn. The model assumed that source strength is proportional to basal area density and that an individual (point source) recruitment curve can be expressed as a lognormal distribution. The model made significant predictions of the recruitment curves of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) to distances as great as 2.0 km, although it tended to underpredict Abies and overpredict Picea. The model gave significant prediction of recruitment for jack pine (Pinus banksiana) within burns with seeds derived from aerial seed banks, and of white spruce and tamarck (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) up to 100 m from residual stands. By forestry standards, burns are poorly stocked by those species that must obligately recruit from edges. In large fires, adequate stocking by a species such as white spruce that had 5 m2/ha of basal area would be limited to about 70 m from the edge. Small residual stands are expected to supply about half of all the recruits of white spruce or fir at distances exceeding about 800 m from a nominal burn edge.

scholarly journals Site Preparation for Establishing Interior Spruce in British Columbia: Trials at Upper Coalmine and Mackenzie

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F. Sutton ◽  
L. Bedford ◽  
Linda Stordeur ◽  
Marvin Grismer
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Patch Scarification ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Two trials (“Upper Coalmine” and “Mackenzie”) were begun in the 1980s in the Prince George Forest Region, B.C., to evaluate a total of 13 site preparation treatments for establishing interior spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii) in the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir and Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zones. Treatments included mounding (with various thicknesses of mineral soil “capping”), patch scarification, blading, disk trenching, and herbiciding. In each trial, five blocks each contained one 48 or 80 tree plot/treatment. Trees were monitored for 10 yr at Mackenzie and 15 yr at Upper Coalmine. Large mounds have had consistent biological success. Tree seedling response to blading was site specific; blading at Mackenzie was not significantly inferior to the best (Ministry mound) treatment, but at Upper Coalmine was no better than the untreated control. West. J. Appl. For. 16(1):9–17.

White spruce resistance to white pine weevil related to bark resin canal density

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
René I. Alfaro ◽  
Fangliang He ◽  
Elizabeth Tomlin ◽  
G. Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Tree Growth Rate ◽  
Tree Genetics ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Examination of the bark from the uppermost lateral branches of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, indicated that trees resistant to attack by the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, had significantly higher number and density of vertical resin canals per unit of bark area (mm2) than susceptible trees. The number and density of resin canals were also positively correlated with tree growth rate, an indicator of tree vigor. The density of the resin canals found near the periphery of the bark (outer resin canals) had higher correlation with resistance and growth than inner resin canals. Measurements of resin canals on the bark of lateral branches correlated well with measurements on the bark of the leader of the same tree, indicating that lateral samples could be used to screen white spruce for resistance to weevils. Key words: Picea glauca, Pissodes strobi, pest management, tree genetics.

Comparison of Terpene Composition in Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) Using Hydrodistillation, SPME and PLE

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Mardarowicz ◽  
Dorota Wianowska ◽  
Andrzej L. Dawidowicz ◽  
Ryszard Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Pressurised Liquid Extraction ◽  
Conifer Trees ◽  
Spruce Needles

Abstract Terpenes emitted by conifer trees are generally determined by analysing plant extracts or essential oils, prepared from foliage and cones using steam distillation. The application of these procedures limits experiments to cut plant materials. Recently headspace techniques have been adopted to examine terpene emission by living plants. This paper deals with the application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) for the analysis of terpenes emitted by conifers foliage of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), including its seedlings. The compositions of SPME extracts obtained for destroyed and non-destroyed old and juvenile spruce needles were compared with the compositions of essential oils and pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) extracts corresponding to the same plant materials. No substantial differences have been found in the qualitative terpene composition estimated by analysing essential oil and PLE and SPME extracts from non-destroyed old and juvenile foliage. The disintegration of spruce needles results in the formation of a significant amount of myrcene in the case of the old conifer foliage and non-terpenoic compounds in the case of juvenile conifer foliage. This phenomenon can be attributed to enzymatic reactions occurring in the destroyed plant cells.

scholarly journals Genetically based resistance to the white pine weevil in jack pine and eastern white pine

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Verrez ◽  
Dan Quiring ◽  
Thibaut Leinekugel Le Cocq ◽  
Greg Adams ◽  
Yill Sung Park
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Tree Resistance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
White Pine Weevil

White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) damage was evaluated in one white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and four jack pine(Pinus banksiana Lamb) half-sib family test sites to determine the role of tree genotype in resistance to the weevil. Halfsibfamily explained a significant proportion of the variation in weevil attack at all sites. Estimates of family (0.16-0.54)and individual (0.09-0.24) heritabilities of jack pine resistance to white pine weevil were moderate. Estimates of family(0.37) and individual (0.22) heritability of resistance of white pine to the weevil were also moderate when the percentageof test trees damaged by the weevil was relatively low, but were insignificant four years later when more than three-quartersof trees were damaged. Significant positive correlations between mean tree height and mean incidence of trees damagedby the weevil were observed for four of seven site-years but relationships were weak, suggesting that any cost, withrespect to height growth, to breeding weevil resistant trees may be small.Key words: Pinus, Pissodes strobi, trade-offs, tree improvement, tree resistance, white pine weevil.

Factors influencing understory seedling establishment of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southeast Wyoming

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2753-2761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Knapp ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Medicine Bow Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Surface Drying

Although seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa are generally more abundant than those of Picea engelmannii in the understory of mature spruce–fir forests throughout the central and northern Rocky Mountains, little information exists concerning environmental or plant factors that may influence the establishment of these two conifers. Field measurements in the Medicine Bow Mountains of southeast Wyoming showed that seedlings of A. lasiocarpa had greater photosynthetic rates at low understory light levels and required lower levels of incident radiation for saturation of photosynthesis compared with those of P. engelmannii. However, both conifers occurred in understory locations where total daily solar radiation was equally low (<2 MJ∙m−2∙day−1) and thus, a lack of light did not appear to be responsible for the low number of P. engelmannii seedlings in the understory. In contrast, seedlings of P. engelmannii were substantially more abundant at locations with thinner litter layers compared with those of A. lasiocarpa. Also, laboratory studies showed that the smaller seeds of P. engelmannii germinated more rapidly and at lower temperatures than seeds of A. lasiocarpa although growth of tap roots on A. lasiocarpa seedlings was greater initially ([Formula: see text] longer in 2-week-old seedlings) as well as for 10-week-old seedlings (50% longer). The deeper penetrating tap root of A. lasiocarpa seedlings may enable this conifer to establish more abundantly on thick, rapidly drying litter layers that are characteristic of mature spruce–fir forests. In contrast, establishment of P. engelmannii seedlings may be limited to microsites without a thick litter layer such as disturbed areas or decomposing wood, where surface drying may occur more gradually throughout the summer. These results are discussed in terms of the potential effects of seedling establishment on the observed patterns in climax vegetation of central and northern Rocky Mountain subalpine forests.

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