Comparison of Terpene Composition in Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) Using Hydrodistillation, SPME and PLE

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Mardarowicz ◽  
Dorota Wianowska ◽  
Andrzej L. Dawidowicz ◽  
Ryszard Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Pressurised Liquid Extraction ◽  
Conifer Trees ◽  
Spruce Needles

Abstract Terpenes emitted by conifer trees are generally determined by analysing plant extracts or essential oils, prepared from foliage and cones using steam distillation. The application of these procedures limits experiments to cut plant materials. Recently headspace techniques have been adopted to examine terpene emission by living plants. This paper deals with the application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) for the analysis of terpenes emitted by conifers foliage of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), including its seedlings. The compositions of SPME extracts obtained for destroyed and non-destroyed old and juvenile spruce needles were compared with the compositions of essential oils and pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) extracts corresponding to the same plant materials. No substantial differences have been found in the qualitative terpene composition estimated by analysing essential oil and PLE and SPME extracts from non-destroyed old and juvenile foliage. The disintegration of spruce needles results in the formation of a significant amount of myrcene in the case of the old conifer foliage and non-terpenoic compounds in the case of juvenile conifer foliage. This phenomenon can be attributed to enzymatic reactions occurring in the destroyed plant cells.

scholarly journals Production Technology of Phytopreparations Based on Essential Oils

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Zh.R. Shaimerdenova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Standard Samples ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Extraction ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Selection Of

The article provides an overview of phytopreparations technology based on essential oils, in particular: criteria for the selection of components, qualitative and quantitative compositions analyzes, parameters of the technological cycle of production of drugs, problems of standardization and quality control of stages of the production of original drugs. A number of standard samples based on terpenoids for phased quality control of the production of medicinal products are described, which are included in the European, Kazakhstan and Japanese pharmacopeias. The main countries producing essential oils and their components, as well as manufacturers of phytopreparations based on them are indicated. The modern technologies for the production of essential oils from plant materials are reviewed, namely: microwave and ultrasonic extractions, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and micro-steam distillation with solid phase microextraction. The dosage forms of preparations based on essential oils (tablets, ointments, gels, oil solutions, suppositories, sprays, aerosols, nanocapsules), their relationship with bioavailability and therapeutic effect are discussed. Promising dosage forms that ensure dosage accuracy for the targeted action of drugs based on essential oils have been identified.

scholarly journals Modeling the kinetics of essential oil hydrodistillation from plant materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetomir Milojevic ◽  
Dragana Radosavljevic ◽  
Vladimir Pavicevic ◽  
Srdjan Pejanovic ◽  
Vlada Veljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Sigmoid Function ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
First Order ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
And Diffusion

The present work deals with modeling the kinetics of essential oils extraction from plant materials by water and steam distillation. The experimental data were obtained by studying the hydrodistillation kinetics of essential oil from juniper berries. The literature data on the kinetics of essential oils hydrodistillation from different plant materials were also included into the modeling. A physical model based on simultaneous washing and diffusion of essential oil from plant materials were developed to describe the kinetics of essential oils hydrodistillation, and two other simpler models were derived from this physical model assuming either instantaneous washing followed by diffusion or diffusion with no washing (i.e. the first-order kinetics). The main goal was to compare these models and suggest the optimum ones for water and steam distillation and for different plant materials. All three models described well the experimental kinetic data on water distillation irrespective of the type of distillation equipment and its scale, the type of plant materials and the operational conditions. The most applicable one is the model involving simultaneous washing and diffusion of the essential oil. However, this model was generally inapplicable for steam distillation of essential oils, except for juniper berries. For this hydrodistillation technique, the pseudo first-order model was shown to be the best one. In a few cases, a variation of the essential oil yield with time was observed to be sigmoidal and was modeled by the Boltzmann sigmoid function.

Rapid analysis of essential oils in fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. by microwave distillation and simultaneous headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. 9718-9724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Wu ◽  
Kun Chen ◽  
Mei Xu ◽  
Guoxin Song ◽  
Yaoming Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Rapid Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Alpinia Oxyphylla ◽  
Microwave Distillation

A fast, solvent-free method for determining essential oils in fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. and, potentially, other plant materials.

scholarly journals Heat Tolerance, Cold Hardiness, and Bud Dormancy Relationships in Seedlings of Selected Conifers

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Burr ◽  
Stephen J. Wallner ◽  
Richard W. Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Spruce Needles

Greenhouse-cultured, container-grown seedlings of interior Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) France], Engelmann spruce [Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm.], and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) were acclimated and deacclimated to cold in growth chambers over 19 weeks. Heat tolerance and cold hardiness of needles, and bud dormancy, were measured weekly. Heat tolerance of Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce needles increased with development through the first complete annual cycle: new needles on actively growing plants; mature needles, not cold-hardy, on dormant plants; cold-hardy needles on dormant and quiescent plants; and mature, needles, not cold-hardy, on actively growing plants. Heat tolerance of ponderosa pine needles differed in two respects. New needles had an intermediate tolerance level to heat, and fully cold-hardy needles were the least tolerant. Thus, the physiological changes that conferred cold hardiness were not associated with greater heat tolerance in all the conifers tested. In none of these species did the timing of changes in heat tolerance coincide consistently with changes in cold hardiness or bud dormancy.

STUDY OF KINETIC REGULARITIES OF DRYING OF CORIANDER DEPRIVED OF ESSENTIAL OILS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.К. МУСТАФАЕВ ◽  
С.Е. СМЫЧАГИНА ◽  
В.Н. МАМИН ◽  
Т.В. ПЕЛИПЕНКО ◽  
Е.О. СМЫЧАГИН ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Critical Moisture Content ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Critical Moisture ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

Проведены исследования кинетических закономерностей сушки измельченного и обезэфиренного водяным паром сырья кориандра. Рассмотрены существующие технологии сушки растительного сырья и обосновано, что для обезэфиренного сырья кориандра наиболее целесообразной является кондуктивная сушка. Показано, что кондуктивная сушка обезэфиренного кориандра на малотоннажных предприятиях может осуществляться в жаровнях, применяемых при производстве растительных масел. Определены исходные массы образцов обезэфиренного кориандра и массовых долей влаги и летучих веществ в них, проведена сушка образцов в сушильном шкафу при температурах 100°С и 115°С, при этом каждые 10 мин производили взвешивание и рассчитывали убыль массы образцов. По результатам исследований построены кривые сушки u = f(τ) и кривые скорости сушки N = f(u) обезэфиренного кориандра. Выявлено, что для исследуемого диапазона температур сушки критическое влагосодержание обезэфиренного кориандра одинаково и равно 43%. По полученным данным определены интенсивность и скорость испарения влаги в 1-м и 2-м периодах сушки. Результаты проведенных исследований могут быть использованы при анализе работы и расчетах оборудования для реализации процесса сушки обезэфиренного кориандра в производстве. Kinetic regularities of drying of coriander grinded and deprived of essential oils by steam distillation have been investigated. Existing technologies of drying for plant materials have been considered. It has been proved on reasonable grounds that conductive drying is more expedient for raw materials based on coriander deprived of essential oils. It has been shown that in small scale enterprises conductive drying of coriander deprived of essential oils can be carried out in heaters used for production of vegetable oils. Initial masses of samples of coriander deprived of essential oils were determined including mass fractions of moisture and the content of volatile substances in them. Samples were dried in a cupboard drier at the temperature 100°C and 115°C, weighed every 10 minutes and their mass loss was evaluated. Using the obtained data, curves of drying u = f(τ) and curves of drying speed N = f(u) of coriander deprived of essential oils were drawn. It has been found out that for the examined range of temperatures the critical moisture content for coriander deprived of essential oils is the same and equal to 43%. According to the obtained data, the intensity and the speed of water evaporation at the first and the second stages of drying have been determined. The results of the carried out research can be used in the analysis of performance and estimation of equipment to put the process of drying of coriander deprived of essential oils into operation.

Factors influencing understory seedling establishment of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southeast Wyoming

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2753-2761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Knapp ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Medicine Bow Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Surface Drying

Although seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa are generally more abundant than those of Picea engelmannii in the understory of mature spruce–fir forests throughout the central and northern Rocky Mountains, little information exists concerning environmental or plant factors that may influence the establishment of these two conifers. Field measurements in the Medicine Bow Mountains of southeast Wyoming showed that seedlings of A. lasiocarpa had greater photosynthetic rates at low understory light levels and required lower levels of incident radiation for saturation of photosynthesis compared with those of P. engelmannii. However, both conifers occurred in understory locations where total daily solar radiation was equally low (<2 MJ∙m−2∙day−1) and thus, a lack of light did not appear to be responsible for the low number of P. engelmannii seedlings in the understory. In contrast, seedlings of P. engelmannii were substantially more abundant at locations with thinner litter layers compared with those of A. lasiocarpa. Also, laboratory studies showed that the smaller seeds of P. engelmannii germinated more rapidly and at lower temperatures than seeds of A. lasiocarpa although growth of tap roots on A. lasiocarpa seedlings was greater initially ([Formula: see text] longer in 2-week-old seedlings) as well as for 10-week-old seedlings (50% longer). The deeper penetrating tap root of A. lasiocarpa seedlings may enable this conifer to establish more abundantly on thick, rapidly drying litter layers that are characteristic of mature spruce–fir forests. In contrast, establishment of P. engelmannii seedlings may be limited to microsites without a thick litter layer such as disturbed areas or decomposing wood, where surface drying may occur more gradually throughout the summer. These results are discussed in terms of the potential effects of seedling establishment on the observed patterns in climax vegetation of central and northern Rocky Mountain subalpine forests.

Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Juniperus oxycedrus essential oils from North Western Algeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Cherifa Zahaf ◽  
Djilali Achour ◽  
Meriem Mokhtar ◽  
Moussa Brada
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Juniperus Oxycedrus ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Western Algeria ◽  
North Western ◽  
Β Carotene

The aim of the current study was to identify the essential oils of Juniperus oxycedrus from North Western Algeria (Mostaganem) by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and to evaluate their antibac-terial and antioxidant activities. Extraction was carried out by two processes, hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD). Analysis by GC-MS led to the identification of 38 components using both methods. HD was found to be the best process for the extraction of Juniperus essential oil, and the ma-jor identified compounds were: germacrene-D (38.28%), followed by α.-pinene (17.66%), and δ-cadinene (5.91%). In the antibacterial test, SD oil had a higher inhibitory effect. The strain Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive with an inhibition zone of 15.25 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of J. oxycedrus es-sential oils obtained by HD was more important than SD (IC50= 19.52 mg/mL and IC50= 38.62 mg/mL) with DPPH and β-carotene bleaching tests respec-tively. Essential oils of J. oxycedrus could therefore represent good candidates to be used as antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Enzyme‐assisted extraction of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 248-254
Author(s):  
R. Amudan ◽  
D. V. Kamat ◽  
S. D. Kamat
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Zone Size ◽  
Structure Quality ◽  
Assisted Extraction

The essential oil of clove ( Syzygium aromaticum) holds an important positionamongst widely used essential oils. A typical steam distillation processfor the extraction of clove oil provides a 10.1% yield. Recent studies involvedthe use of enzymes such as pectinase, amylase, lignocellulase, and cellulaseon the powder of clove buds, prior to extraction. The traditional methods ofphysical and chemical extraction are effective but may affect the structure,quality and yield of the phytochemicals extracted. In the current study,hence, enzymes specific for action on the cell wall have been used in the pretreatment prior to extraction, to enhance the quality and yield of the phytochemicalsextracted. The results indicated that all the enzymes, gave morethan 50% higher yield than control in terms of weight of extracted essentialoil. A mixture of the enzymes gave the highest yield of 17.82%. Gas chromatographyresults indicated that the essential oil extracted using amylase hada maximum eugenol content of 70%, in comparison with the eugenol content(62–68%) in the essential oils extracted using the rest of the enzymes.Antibacterial activity of all the extracts was studied on methicillin â€resistantStaphylococcus aureus  (MRSA). The essential oil extracted by using amylaseinhibitedMRSA, showed a zone size of 40 mm, whereas the essential oil extractedby using lignocellulase showed a zone size of 45 mm. The gas chromatogramindicated the maximum number of peaks in this extract, whichcould be producing a combined antibacterial effect on the organism. Thespecific gravity values of the essential oil extracted using lignocellulase andamylase was 1.051 and 1.062, respectively, whereas the control had a specificgravity of 1.015.

Evaluation of the inhibitory potential of essential oils and aromatic extracts on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Strub ◽  
Michał Talma ◽  
Maria Strub ◽  
Wioletta Rut ◽  
Mikołaj Żmudziński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Inhibitory Potential ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Abstract Essential oils and aromatic extracts (oleoresins, absolutes, concretes, resinoids) are often used as food flavorings and constituents of fragrance compositions. The flavor and fragrance industry observes significant growth in sales of some natural materials during the COVID-19 outbreak. Some companies worldwide are making false claims regarding their essential oils or blends to be effective (or indirectly points towards this conclusion) against coronaviruses even though the available data on the activity of plant materials against highly pathogenic human coronaviruses is very scarce. Our exploratory study aimed to develop pioneering knowledge, and provide the first experimental results on the inhibitory properties of hundreds of flavor & fragrance materials against SARS-CoV-2 main- and papain-like proteases. As essential oils are volatile products, they could provide an interesting subsidiary inhalation therapeutic strategy in the long term.

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