Contributions of coniferous and broad-leaved species to temperate forest carbon uptake: a bottom-up approach

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Catovsky ◽  
F A Bazzaz
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Broad Leaved Species

Changes in forest species composition could influence ecosystem carbon uptake rates. To understand how species differed in their contributions to canopy photosynthesis, we investigated how the dominant coniferous (eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) and broad-leaved (northern red oak, Quercus rubra L.; red maple, Acer rubrum L.) species in a central Massachusetts forest differed in canopy carbon uptake rates. We considered what factors influenced in situ leaf-level photosynthesis and then used a bottom-up summation approach to estimate species-specific total canopy carbon uptake rates. Variation in canopy light strongly influenced leaf-level photosynthetic rates: sunlit leaves had significantly higher rates than shaded leaves, and photosynthesis increased with canopy height. Species also differed in leaf-level photosynthetic rates, with the broad-leaved species having up to twofold higher rates than hemlock. Within hemlock, needles older than 2 years had lower photosynthesis than younger needles. Variation in leaf-level photosynthesis scaled up to influence canopy carbon uptake rates. Red oak consistently had the highest canopy photosynthetic rates, while through the season, hemlock's relative contribution to carbon flux increased and that of red maple decreased. Thus, in such mixed forests, future changes in species composition could have substantial impacts on forest carbon dynamics, particularly if red oak is the primary broad-leaved species to expand at the expense of hemlock.

Coupling whole-tree transpiration and canopy photosynthesis in coniferous and broad-leaved tree species

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Catovsky ◽  
N M Holbrook ◽  
F A Bazzaz
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Temperate Forests ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Tree Sap ◽  
Broad Leaved Species ◽  
Whole Tree

We used sap flow as a measure of whole-tree function to examine how coniferous and broad-leaved species in mixed temperate forests differ in canopy-level transpiration and photosynthetic rates. We used heat dissipation probes to measure whole-tree sap flow in three species throughout one full year and then combined these measurements with micrometeorological monitoring and leaf-level gas exchange to determine whole-tree carbon gain. Both broad-leaved species (red oak, Quercus rubra L.; red maple, Acer rubrum L.) had two- to four-fold greater annual fluxes of water and carbon on a ground area basis than did the conifer (eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière), with red oak trees additionally showing 60–80% higher fluxes than red maple. Despite fixing one-third of its carbon when broad-leaved species were leafless, hemlock was not able to compensate for its low photosynthetic rates during the growing season. Productivity measures derived from annual growth rings and eddy covariance confirmed that whole-tree sap flow provided a valuable estimate of both the magnitude of current forest fluxes and differences in individual species' fluxes. Our results indicate that the predicted loss of hemlock from mixed temperate forests could potentially increase whole-forest water loss and carbon gain by two- to four-fold, provided sufficient nitrogen and water remain available to support such a change.

scholarly journals Effects of Oak Decline on Species Composition in a Northern Arkansas Forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Heitzman
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak

Abstract Since 1999, widespread and locally severe oak decline and mortality have occurred throughout the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. A contributing factor in the decline and mortality is an outbreak of the red oak borer [Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)]. In northern Arkansas, a 2,150 ac mature oak forest severely affected by decline was selected as a case study to describe changes in species composition and stand structure and to assess regeneration potential of oaks and non-oak species. Mortality reduced total overstory basal area from 105 to 57 ft2/ac, and overstory density decreased from 156 to 89 trees/ac. Most dead and dying trees were northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.). Basal area and density of overstory red oaks were reduced from 51 to 11 ft2/ac and from 60 to 11 trees/ac, respectively. These trees died regardless of dbh class. Mortality was less common in white oak (Q. alba L.) and was generally limited to smaller trees. Understory trees and taller seedlings were predominantly red maple (Acer rubrum L.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Oaks less than 3 ft tall were abundant, but taller oak seedlings and saplings were uncommon. Tree mortality increased the proportion of white oak and hickories (Carya spp.) in the overstory, and stimulated a regeneration response of mostly non-oak species. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):264–268.

Effects of nitrogen deposition on nitrate leaching from forests of the northeastern United States will change with tree species composition

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 997-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine F. Crowley ◽  
Gary M. Lovett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Species Change

As tree species composition in forests of the northeastern United States changes due to invasive forest pests, climate change, or other stressors, the extent to which forests will retain or release N from atmospheric deposition remains uncertain. We used a species-specific, dynamic forest ecosystem model (Spe-CN) to investigate how nitrate (NO3–) leaching may vary among stands dominated by different species, receiving varied atmospheric N inputs, or undergoing species change due to an invasive forest pest (emerald ash borer; EAB). In model simulations, NO3– leaching varied widely among stands dominated by 12 northeastern North American tree species. Nitrate leaching increased with N deposition or forest age, generally with greater magnitude for deciduous (except red oak) than coniferous species. Species with lowest baseline leaching rates (e.g., red spruce, eastern hemlock, red oak) showed threshold responses to N deposition. EAB effects on leaching depended on the species replacing white ash: after 100 years, predicted leaching increased 73% if sugar maple replaced ash but decreased 55% if red oak replaced ash. This analysis suggests that the effects of tree species change on NO3– leaching over time may be large and variable and should be incorporated into predictions of effects of N deposition on leaching from forested landscapes.

scholarly journals Effect of Propagation Tray Design on Early Stage Root Development of Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, and Populus tremuloides 1

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darby McGrath ◽  
Jason Henry ◽  
Ryan Munroe ◽  
Erin Agro
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Red Maple

Abstract This experiment investigated the effect of different plug-tray cell designs on root development of red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak (Quercus rubra), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings. In April of 2015, seeds of each species were sown into three plug trays with different substrate volumes and grown for 17 weeks. Two trays had permeable walls for air-pruning, one with vertical ribs and one without. The third tray had impermeable plastic cell walls. Harvested seedlings were analyzed for root dry weight, length, volume, surface area and number of deflected roots. Root length per volume was highest in the impermeable-walled tray for red maple and quaking aspen. The total numbers of deflected root systems were higher for all species in the impermeable-walled tray. Seedlings grown in the air-pruning trays had smaller proportions of deflected root masses. Greater substrate volume did not influence root deflection development. The air-pruning tray without vertical ribs had the lowest total number of root masses with misdirected roots and lower proportions of root masses with misdirected roots for all species. These results indicate that improved root architecture in root-air pruning tray designs is achievable in tree propagation; however, vertical plastic structures in air-pruning trays can still cause root deflections. Index words: Deflected roots, air-pruning, seedling, propagation, plugs, root architecture. Species used in the study: red maple (Acer rubrum L.); red oak (Quercus rubra L.); quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.).

Rising CO2 and warming lead to declining global canopy demand for nitrogen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Dong ◽  
Iain Colin Prentice ◽  
Ian Wright ◽  
Xiangzhong Luo ◽  
Nick Smith
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Global Pattern ◽  
N Limitation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Green Vegetation ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
N Demand

<div> <p>Nitrogen (N) limitation constrains the magnitude of terrestrial carbon uptake in response to CO<sub>2 </sub>fertilization and climate change. However, the trajectory of N demand, and how it is influenced by continuing changes in CO<sub>2 </sub>and climate, is incompletely understood. We estimate recent changes in global canopy N demand based on a well-tested optimality hypothesis for the control of photosynthetic capacity (<em>V</em><sub>cmax</sub>). The predicted global pattern of optimal leaf-level <em>V</em><sub>cmax </sub>is similar to the pattern derived from remotely sensed chlorophyll retrievals. Over the period from 1982 to 2015, rising CO<sub>2­ </sub>and warming both contributed to decreasing leaf-level N demand. Widespread increases in green vegetation cover over the same period (especially in high latitudes) imply increasing total canopy N demand. The net global trend is, nonetheless, a decrease in total canopy N demand. This work provides a new perspective on the past, present and future of the global terrestrial N cycle.</p> </div>

Precommercial Thinning and Pruning of Appalachian Stump Sprouts—10-Year Results

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil I. Lamson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Precommercial Thinning

Abstract In northern West Virginia, 7-year-old American basswood (Tilia americana L.) and 12-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprout clumps received one of four treatments: unthinned control; thinned to the best one or two codominant sprouts per clump; branch pruned up to 75% of total height; or thinned plus pruned. Analysis of 10-year growth data showed that height growth was not affected by any of the treatments. For all species, pruning slightly increased the length of clear stem and decreased periodic diameter growth. Thinning increased survival of basswood, red oak, and red maple crop stems. Thinning increased the 10-year diameter growth by 0.1 to 0.8 in. Recommendations for thinning 10- to 20-year-old sprout clumps are presented. Pruning is not recommended. In order to maintain maximum diameter growth, thinning individual sprout clumps should be followed by stand crop tree release in about 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):23-27.

scholarly journals Testing Lake States TWIGS: Five-Year Growth Projections for Upland Hardwoods in Northern Lower Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Guertin ◽  
C. W. Ramm
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Lake States

Abstract Five-year diameter growth, basal area growth, and mortality for five upland hardwood species in northern Lower Michigan were compared to projections from Lake States TWIGS. The species studied were northern red oak, white oak, other red oak (pin oak and black oak combined), sugar maple, and red maple. The validation data consisted of individual tree measurements from 44 stands across 10 ecological land types on the Manistee National Forest. The stands were measured in 1986 and 1991; during this time interval stands experienced a drought and outbreaks of leaf defoliators. For individual dbh classes, 5 yr diameter growth was predicted within ± 0.3 in. for all species. Mean errors for BA projections were within ± 5 ft²/ac for all species, and mean error for trees/ac ranged from - 33 for other red oak to + 16 for sugar maple. Although precision was variable, Lake States TWIGS provided accurate predictions of 5 yr diameter growth for the five species tested. Projections of mortality were less accurate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):00-00.

scholarly journals Measurements of NO and NO<sub>2</sub> exchange between the atmosphere and <i>Quercus agrifolia</i>

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin R. Delaria ◽  
Megan Vieira ◽  
Julie Cremieux ◽  
Ronald C. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Quercus Agrifolia ◽  
Deposition Velocities ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
Chamber Studies

Abstract. NO2 foliar deposition through the stomata of leaves has been identified as a significant sink of NOx within a forest canopy. In this study, we investigated NO2 and NO exchange between the atmosphere and the leaves of the native California oak tree Quercus agrifolia using a branch enclosure system. NO2 detection was performed with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), which excludes biases from other reactive nitrogen compounds and has a low detection limit of 5–50 ppt. We performed both light and dark experiments with concentrations between 0.5–10 ppb NO2 and NO under constant ambient conditions. Deposition velocities for NO2 during light and dark experiments were 0.123 ± 0.007 cm s−1 and 0.015 ± 0.001 cm s−1, respectively. Much slower deposition was seen for NO, with deposition velocities of 0.012 ± 0.002 cm s−1 and 0.005 ± 0.002 cm s−1 measured during light and dark experiments, respectively. This corresponded to a summed resistance of the stomata and mesophyll of 6.9 ± 0.9 cm s−1 for NO2 and 140 ± 40 cm s−1 for NO. No significant compensation point was detected for NO2 uptake, but compensation points ranging from 0.74–3.8 ppb were observed for NO. NO2 and NO deposition velocities reported here are comparable both with previous leaf-level chamber studies and inferences from canopy-level field measurements. In parallel with these laboratory experiments, we have constructed a detailed 1-D atmospheric model to assess the contribution of leaf-level NOx deposition to the total NOx loss and NOx canopy fluxes. Using the leaf uptake rates measured in the laboratory, these modeling studies suggest loss of NOx to deposition in a California oak woodland competes with the pathways of HNO3 and RONO2 formation, with deposition making up 3–22 % of the total NOx loss. Additionally, foliar uptake of NOx at these rates could account for ~15–30 % canopy reduction of soil NOx emissions.

scholarly journals Integrating effects of species composition and soil properties to predict shifts in montane forest carbon–water relations

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (18) ◽  
pp. E4219-E4226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby M. Maxwell ◽  
Lucas C. R. Silva ◽  
William R. Horwath
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Landscape Patterns ◽  
Stand Productivity ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency

This study was designed to address a major source of uncertainty pertaining to coupled carbon–water cycles in montane forest ecosystems. The Sierra Nevada of California was used as a model system to investigate connections between the physiological performance of trees and landscape patterns of forest carbon and water use. The intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE)—an index of CO2 fixed per unit of potential water lost via transpiration—of nine dominant species was determined in replicated transects along an ∼1,500-m elevation gradient, spanning a broad range of climatic conditions and soils derived from three different parent materials. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen measured at the leaf level were combined with field-based and remotely sensed metrics of stand productivity, revealing that variation in iWUE depends primarily on leaf traits (∼24% of the variability), followed by stand productivity (∼16% of the variability), climatic regime (∼13% of the variability), and soil development (∼12% of the variability). Significant interactions between species composition and soil properties proved useful to predict changes in forest carbon–water relations. On the basis of observed shifts in tree species composition, ongoing since the 1950s and intensified in recent years, an increase in water loss through transpiration (ranging from 10 to 60% depending on parent material) is now expected in mixed conifer forests throughout the region.

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