Control hof the hyperglycemic response to hemorrhage in cats

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1618-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Wayne Lautt ◽  
Peter D. Dwan ◽  
Rajiva R. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
A Minor

Rapid hemorrhage to 50 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa) mean arterial blood pressure led to a rise in blood glucose levels that reached a level of 500 mg% by 15 min and was then maintained with minor decreases for the full period of hemorrhage (90 min). From changes in hepatic glycogen levels it is estimated that glucose from 3.1 g of glycogen was released per kilogram of body weight over the 90-min period of hemorrhage. Bilateral adrenalectomy or hepatic denervation did not reduce the hyperglycemic response significantly although adrenalectomy tended to produce a lesser response. Removal of the adrenals and the hepatic nerves (surgically or selective hepatic sympathectomy using 6-hydroxydopamine) eliminated all but a very small hyperglycemic response which was of slow onset. Thus, the hyperglycemic response to hemorrhage is controlled by a redundant control system wherein either the adrenals or the hepatic sympathetic nerves can produce the response but elimination of both systems eliminates the response. The minor hyperglycemia that occurred with both systems eliminated shows that other hormonal changes known to occur during hemorrhage play, at most, a minor role in the direct stimulation of glycogenosis during hemorrhage.

scholarly journals Intraperitoneal insulin administration in pigs: effect on circulating insulin and glucose levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001929
Author(s):  
Ilze Dirnena-Fusini ◽  
Marte Kierulf Åm ◽  
Anders Lyngvi Fougner ◽  
Sven Magnus Carlsen ◽  
Sverre Christian Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Subcutaneous Insulin ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Intraperitoneal Insulin ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose

IntroductionThe effect of intraperitoneal insulin infusion has limited evidence in the literature. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different intraperitoneal insulin boluses. There is a lack of studies comparing the insulin appearance in the systemic circulation after intraperitoneal compared with subcutaneous insulin delivery. Thus, we also aimed for a comparison with the subcutaneous route.Research design and methodsEight anesthetized, non-diabetic pigs were given three different intraperitoneal insulin boluses (2, 5 and 10 U). The order of boluses for the last six pigs was randomized. Endogenous insulin and glucagon release were suppressed by repeated somatostatin analog injections. The first pig was used to identify the infusion rate of glucose to maintain stable glucose values throughout the experiment. The estimated difference between insulin boluses was compared using two-way analysis of variance (GraphPad Prism V.8).In addition, a trial of three pigs which received subcutaneous insulin boluses was included for comparison with intraperitoneal insulin boluses.ResultsDecreased mean blood glucose levels were observed after 5 and 10 U intraperitoneal insulin boluses compared with the 2 U boluses. No changes in circulating insulin levels were observed after the 2 and 5 U intraperitoneal boluses, while increased circulating insulin levels were observed after the 10 U intraperitoneal boluses. Subcutaneously injected insulin resulted in higher values of circulating insulin compared with the corresponding intraperitoneal boluses.ConclusionsSmaller intraperitoneal boluses of insulin have an effect on circulating glucose levels without increasing insulin levels in the systemic circulation. By increasing the insulin bolus, a major increase in circulating insulin was observed, with a minor additive effect on circulating glucose levels. This is compatible with a close to 100% first-pass effect in the liver after smaller intraperitoneal boluses. Subcutaneous insulin boluses markedly increased circulating insulin levels.

Reduced running endurance in gluconeogenesis-inhibited rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (1) ◽  
pp. R137-R142 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. John-Alder ◽  
R. M. McAllister ◽  
R. L. Terjung
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Endurance Time ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels

The functional significance of gluconeogenesis in prolonging endurance during submaximal activity was assessed in untrained and endurance-trained rats. Gluconeogenesis was inhibited at the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reaction by 3-mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA). Endurance was significantly reduced by 3-MPA in untrained (-32%; P less than 0.005) and in trained rats (-26%; P less than 0.001). Metabolic correlates of fatigue were examined in trained rats. At exhaustion, 3-MPA-treated rats had only 3% of resting hepatic glycogen, 46% of resting white quadriceps glycogen, and 37% of resting blood glucose. All of these substrates were at higher levels in sham-injected controls after the same duration of running (130 min). Glycogen levels in red quadriceps, blood lactate levels, and blood glycerol levels were not different between groups. Plasma free fatty acid levels were elevated to the same extent in both groups after 90 min of activity, remained high at 130 min in controls, but had returned to resting levels in the severely hypoglycemic 3-MPA-treated rats at exhaustion. The results indicate that gluconeogenesis is important for maintaining blood glucose levels and for prolonging endurance time during submaximal activity.

Cord arterial blood glucose levels

1997 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. S164 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ingemarsson ◽  
I. Amer-Wåhlin ◽  
R. Liedman ◽  
C. Lindoff ◽  
M. Westgren
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Arterial Blood Glucose

scholarly journals Hyperglycemic Episodes Are Associated With Postoperative Infections After Cardiac Surgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Järvelä ◽  
N. K. Khan ◽  
E. L. Loisa ◽  
J. A. Sutinen ◽  
J. O. Laurikka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Deep Sternal Wound Infection ◽  
Postoperative Infections ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Background and Aims: To describe the incidence of and risk factors for postoperative infections and the correlation between postoperative hyperglycemia despite tight blood glucose control with infectious and other complications after contemporary cardiac surgery. Material and Methods: The study comprised 1356 consecutive adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2013 and December 2014 and were followed up for 6 months. Patients surviving the first 2 days were included in the analysis. Preoperative demographic information, medical history, procedural details, and the postoperative course were recorded. The target range for blood glucose levels was 4–7 mmol/L and repeated arterial blood samples were obtained during the intensive care unit stay. The associations of blood glucose levels during the first postoperative day and the occurrence of postoperative infections and other significant complications were analyzed. Results: Of the study cohort, 9.8% developed infectious complications which were classified as major surgical site infections in 2.2%, minor surgical site infections in 1.1%, lung infections in 2.0%, unclear fever or bacteremia in 0.3%, cannula or catheter related in 2.6%, multiple in 1.5%, and other in 0.2%. The incidence of deep sternal wound infection was 2.0%. Repeated hyperglycemia occurred in 39.7% of patients and was associated with increased rates of postoperative infections, 12.1% versus 8.2%, p = 0.019; stroke, 4.9% versus 1.5%, p < 0.001; and mortality, 6.1% versus 2.1%, p < 0.001, when compared to patients with single or no hyperglycemia. Conclusion: Every 10th patient develops infectious complications after cardiac surgery. Repeated hyperglycemia is associated with increased rates of infectious complications, stroke, and mortality.

Induction of hyperglycemia in adult intrauterine growth-restricted rats: effects on renal function

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (2) ◽  
pp. F288-F294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungjoon Lim ◽  
Paul Lombardo ◽  
Michal Schneider-Kolsky ◽  
Lucinda Hilliard ◽  
Kate M. Denton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Secondary Insult ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Kidney Length ◽  
Wistar Kyoto

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to a reduction in nephron endowment at birth and is linked to renal dysfunction in adulthood. The aim of the present study was to determine whether kidneys of IUGR rat offspring are more vulnerable to a secondary insult of hyperglycemia. IUGR was induced in Wistar-Kyoto rats by maternal protein restriction. At 24 wk of age, diabetes was induced in male IUGR and non-IUGR offspring by streptozotocin injection; insulin was injected daily to maintain blood glucose levels at either a mild (7–10 mmol/l; n=8/group) or a moderate (10–15 mmol/l; n=8/group) level. At 32 wk of age, renal function was assessed using ultrasound and [3H]inulin and [14C]para-aminohippurate clearance techniques. Conscious mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were unchanged in IUGR offspring. Relative kidney length was increased significantly in IUGR offspring, and renal function was altered significantly; of importance, there was a significant increase in filtration fraction, indicative of glomerular hyperfiltration. Induction of hyperglycemia led to marked impairment of renal function. However, the response to hyperglycemia was not different between IUGR and non-IUGR offspring. Maintaining blood glucose levels at a mild hyperglycemic level led to marked improvement in all measures of renal function in IUGR and non-IUGR offspring. In conclusion, while the IUGR offspring showed evidence of hyperfiltration, the response to hyperglycemia was similar in IUGR and non-IUGR kidneys in adulthood. Importantly, maintaining blood glucose levels at a mild hyperglycemic level markedly attenuated the renal dysfunction associated with diabetes, even in IUGR offspring.

EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE, OESTRADIOL AND/OR CLOMIPHENE ON LIVER GLYCOGEN AND BLOOD GLUCOSE IN INTACT AND ADRENALECTOMISED RATS DURING DELAYED IMPLANTATION

1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-688
Author(s):  
M. S. Sankaran ◽  
M. R. N. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Clomiphene Citrate ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Delayed Implantation ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Induced Changes

ABSTRACT Prolonged administration of progesterone alone caused significant changes in liver glycogen. Oestradiol-17β increased the liver glycogen 18 hours after the treatment. A single administration of clomiphene citrate on day 9 post-coitum (pc) inhibited the oestradiol or progesterone induced increase in hepatic glycogen. Bilateral adrenalectomy on day 3 pc abolished the changes in liver glycogen induced by progesterone, oestradiol and/or clomiphene. Administration of progesterone, oestradiol or clomiphene caused a decrease in blood glucose levels in rats during delayed implantation. Although the effects of progesterone and oestradiol on blood glucose levels were abolished by adrenalectomy, clomiphene induced changes persisted in the adrenalectomised rats. It is concluded that progesterone, oestradiol and/or clomiphene induced changes in liver glycogen are mediated through the adrenal glands. Changes in the blood glucose levels are discussed in relation to increased insulin level in the blood and also in relation to the increased glucocorticoid secretion following various treatments.

scholarly journals Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of Campomanesia xanthocarpa seed extract obtained by supercritical CO2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Regginato ◽  
L. Cunico ◽  
K.T. Bertoncello ◽  
M. S. Z. Schindler ◽  
R. Chitolina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Decrease Blood Glucose

Abstract Campomanesia xanthocarpa, a plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family, is popularly known as gabiroba. Leaves of gabiroba has been popularly used to treat various diseases, including inflammatory, renal, and digestive, among others. Additionally, studies have shown an effect to reduce blood cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Campomanesia xanthocarpa seed extract in hyperglycemic rats. The results showed that 400 mg/kg of seed extract was able to decrease blood glucose levels and to increase the muscular and hepatic glycogen content as well as to inhibit the sucrase and maltase activity. At doses of 200 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, the activity of these enzymes was also reduced. In the lipid profile 400 mg/kg produced a decrease in total and LDL cholesterol serum levels; and with 200 mg/kg there was an increase in HDL cholesterol levels. The extract did not present hepatic and renal toxic effects at the different doses tested. The results suggest that the treatment with Campomanesia xanthocarpa seeds extract is useful in reducing glycemia, total cholesterol and LDL levels with potential adjuvant therapeutic in the treatment of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, however, additional pharmacological and toxicological studies are still required.

scholarly journals Prognostic Significance of Blood Glucose Levels and Alterations Among Patients with Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Sharma ◽  
Prasanth Balasubramanian ◽  
Kiran D. Gill ◽  
Ashish Bhalla
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Aluminum Phosphide ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Aluminium Phosphide ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of blood glucose levels and blood glucose alterations (i.e. hyper- or hypoglycaemia) among patients with aluminium phosphide (AlP) poisoning. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India, between January 2010 and June 2011. All patients presenting to the emergency department with a definitive history of AlP ingestion or symptoms compatible with AlP poisoning were included in the study. Blood glucose levels were recorded at presentation and every six hours thereafter. Alterations in blood glucose levels and other clinical and laboratory variables were subsequently compared between survivors and non-survivors. Results: A total of 116 patients with AlP poisoning were identified. Of these, 57 patients (49%) survived and 59 patients (51%) died. At presentation, the mean blood glucose levels of survivors and non-survivors were 119.9 ± 35.7 mg/dL and 159.7 ± 92.5 mg/dL, respectively (P <0.001). In comparison to the survivors, non-survivors had significantly higher heart rates, total leukocyte counts, blood glucose level alterations and serum creatinine levels (P <0.050). In addition, systolic blood pressure, Glasgow coma scale scores, arterial blood gas pH and bicarbonate values and duration of hospital stay was significantly lower compared to survivors (P <0.001). However, neither blood glucose levels at admission nor blood glucose alterations correlated independently with mortality in a multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The role of blood glucose level alterations in predicting patient outcomes in AlP poisoning cases remains inconclusive. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required.Keywords: Aluminum Phosphide; Poisoning; Blood Glucose; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Mortality; Prognostic Factors; India.

scholarly journals Essential Oils From Cymbopogon Citratus and Lippia Sidoides in the Anesthetic Induction and Transport of Ornamental Fish Pterophyllum Scalare

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iara Cruz de Oliveira ◽  
Rebeca Santos Matos Oliveira ◽  
Carlos Henrique da Paixão Lemos ◽  
Crislaine Palmeira Barbosa de Oliveira ◽  
Altiery Felix e Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Lippia Sidoides ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare

Abstract This study verified the effects of essential oils from Lippia sidoides (EOLS) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOCC) on the anesthesia of freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) of two different sizes (juveniles I (0.82 g) and II (2.40 g)) and on the transport (8 h) of juveniles II. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EOLS and EOCC: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg L−1. Ventilatory rate (VR) and transport for 8 h with 0, 10, and 15 mg L−1 of each essential oil were evaluated in juveniles II. The major components found in EOLS and EOCC were carvacrol (44.50%) and a-citral (73.56%), respectively. The best sedation and anesthesia times for both essential oils were obtained with 10 and 25 mg L−1 and 200 and 250 mg L−1 for juveniles I and II, respectively. Fish sedated with EOLS had lower VR values than the other treatments. For transported fish, blood glucose levels were higher in ornamental fish transported with 10 and 15 mg EOLS L−1 and 15 mg EOCC L−1. Hepatic glycogen values were higher in the control group. In general, fish transported with 10 mg EOLS L−1 showed fewer gill histological alterations than other transported fish. When the type of lesion was evaluated, the highest gill alterations occurred in fish transported with EOCC. In conclusion, for the transport of juveniles II, 10 mg EOLS L−1 could be used because although this concentration increased blood glucose, it decreased the VR and caused only mild alterations to the gills.

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