A Novel PTP1B Inhibitor-Phosphate of Polymannuronic Acid Ameliorates Insulin Resistance by Regulating IRS-1/Akt Signaling

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a critical negative modulator of insulin signaling and has attracted considerable attention in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Low-molecular-weight polymannuronic acid phosphate (LPMP) was found to be a selective PTP1B inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.02 ± 0.17 μM. Cellular glucose consumption was significantly elevated in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells after LPMP treatment. LPMP could alleviate oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which are associated with the development of insulin resistance. Western blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis demonstrated that LPMP could enhance insulin sensitivity through the PTP1B/IRS/Akt transduction pathway. Furthermore, animal study confirmed that LPMP could decrease blood glucose, alleviate insulin resistance, and exert hepatoprotective effects in diabetic mice. Taken together, LPMP can effectively inhibit insulin resistance and has high potential as an anti-diabetic drug candidate to be further developed.

SUATU STUDI LITERATUR: AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETIC DARI KULIT JERUK (Citrus sp.)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, which is not able to secrete insulin in sufficient quantities or the body is unable to use insulin effectively so there is an excess glucose level and immediately suffer from some complications against the organs. Diabetes mellitus can be cured by herb utility which are thought to have compounds that has an antidiabetic effect. Therefore, this literature study discusses the antidiabetic activity of orange peel (Citrus sp.). The literature search was carried out on the Google Scholar search engine which used some keyword included antidiabetic, extract, orange peel, Citrus. In this literature study, there are inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting journals as literature sources. The results of 12 literatures review that orange peel had antidiabetic activity by decrease blood glucose levels in some animal trials that had received an effective dose of orange peel extract in each of the reviewed studies. Hence, it can be concluded that various type of Citrus peels has antidiabetic effect.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETES TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus) YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN

ABSTRACT Gotu Kola Leaf (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) are known to contain flavonoid compound, and flavonoid are known to decrease blood glucose level by stimulating pancreas beta cells to produce insulin. The aim of this research is to find out wether the ethanol extract of gotu kola leaf (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) has the antidiabetic effectiveness or not. This research used Completely Randomized Design method. There were 15 rats used in this research that were split into 5 groups that is negative control (Aquadest), positive control (Metformin), and ethanol extract of gotu kola leaf with the dosage of 5.4 mg;10.8 mg;21.6 mg. The acquired data were analyzed with ANOVA test and LSD test. The analysis result showed that ethanol extract of gotu kola leaf had antidiabetic effectiveness against male white rat. Keywords: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, antidiabetic, Rattus norvegicus ABSTRAK Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) diketahui mengandung zat flavonoid, dimana flavonoid telah diketahui mempunyai kemampuan menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan merangsang sel beta pankreas untuk memproduksi insulin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ekstrak etanol daun pegagan memiliki efekivitas antidiabetes. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap. Tikus yang digunakan sebanyak 15 ekor dan dibagi dalam 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif (aquadest), kontrol positif (metformin), dan ekstrak etanol daun pegagan dengan dosis 5,4 mg; 10,8 mg; 21,6 mg. Data yang ada dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji ANOVA dan uji LSD. Hasil analisis menujukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun pegagan memiliki efektivitas antidiabetes terhadap tikus putih jantan (Rattus norvegicus). Kata kunci: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, antidiabetes, Rattus norvegicus

Ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale) functionality in food and health perspective: a review

Ginger is a spice type used by rhizome. Ginger has long been used to heal various diseases, including inflammation and digestive disorders. As the development of science, the food and health sector, mostly use ginger as functional food and medicine because of its usefulness. Ginger's role as food and medicine has been recognized as safe, classified in Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the Food Drug and Administration (FDA). The content of bioactive compounds in ginger classified as volatile and non-volatile compounds contributes positively to food and health. Ginger can be used as fresh, dried, essential oils, oleoresin, extracts, or powders. Oleoresin and essential ginger oil are extracts used extensively in food and health fields. To obtain the extract, an extraction that multiplies thermal and non-thermal processes can be performed. Many use gingers as a condiment for food. Ginger gives a spicy taste that's typical of food and drink. It also contributes to a natural antioxidant, extends food products' shelf-life, and improves the organoleptic quality of food products. Whereas ginger consumption can help decrease blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, analgesics, reduce uric acid, lessen muscle pain, and increase the body's immune system. In this study, we have reviewed ginger, the red ginger extraction process, and functional compounds, food, and health benefits.

KLUTUK BANANA (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) PEEL FRACTIONS: ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC POTENTIAL

Objective: The purposes of this research were the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant determination of klutuk banana peel fractions through the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods, respectively. Methods: Klutuk banana peel was extracted by reflux method and followed by fractionation using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents by liquid-liquid extraction method. The statistical analysis used by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey. Results: The results of OGTT showed that ethyl acetate fraction of klutuk banana peel 14.5 mg/kg bw demonstrated higher activity to decrease blood glucose level compared to the other groups as much-32%,-49%,-47% and-40% at min 30, 60, 90 and 120, respectively. The IC50 of ethyl acetate fraction of klutuk banana peel was 0.3708 µg/ml, and its antioxidant activity index (AAI) 40.45. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of klutuk peel presented very strong antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activity.

Cerebrovascular Complications of Diabetes: SGLT-2 Inhibitors as a Promising Future Therapeutics

Sodium-Glucose co-transporter inhibitors are a novel class of drugs that are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus medical management. This class of drugs has a simple mechanism of action by which they decrease blood glucose levels. They prevent the uptake or re-absorption of glucose in the blood by inhibiting the SGLT2 co-transport channels located in the renal proximal convoluted tubule. Since, SGLT2 is the low affinity, high capacity glucose transporter, it allows the co-transport of sodium and glucose through it. SGLT2s are accountable for around 90% of the renal glucose reuptake. Cerebrovascular complications or accidents (CVAs) are the world's leading cause of mortality, resulting in around 6 million deaths annually. Diabetics are prone to develop mitochondrian dysfunction and neurodegeneration due to hyperglycemia and oxidative stress end products. Due to hyperglycemic condition in diabetes, it’s always an elevated risk of cerebrovascular dysfunction due to hyperglycemia as it includes endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypercoagulability, oxidative stress, renal reperfusion injury which may lead to neuronal degeneration and cognitive impairment. A diabetic individual is more prone to develop risk factors for transient ischemic attacks than non-diabetic patient. These inhibitors reduce hyperglycemia by blocking renal glucose reabsorption, therefore promoting an increase in renal glucose excretion. This review discusses the potential role of SGLT2 inhibitors in treating CVAs associated with T2DM.

SELF-MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE OF PATIENT WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN SUMBAWA BESAR, WEST NUSA TENGGARA: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

<p><strong>Background:</strong> The number of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in Indonesia was reported to increase every year. Indonesia included into ranked sixth countries for diabetes (20-79 years) and ranked third as the deadliest diseases, (IDF, 2017; WHO, 2016). However, research about self-management experience for people with Type 2 DM is insufficient. <strong>Objectives:</strong> The purpose of this study was to explore the Self-management Experience of Patient with Type 2 DM in Sumbawa Besar, West Nusa Tenggara.<em> </em><strong>Methods: </strong>Purposive sampling with one-on-one depth interview were used to obtain the participants experiences about self-management. six participants were selected randomly from 30 participants in community. Data saturation was achieved and analyzed by Colaizzi’s (1978) seven-step method. <strong>Results:</strong> Six themes emerged from study were: dietary adjustment, using medicine to decrease blood glucose, taking exercise, taking care of DM by oneself, social support and looking for information regarding DM were consider as important theme for DM population in Sumbawa Besar, West Nusa Tenggara.<em> </em><strong>Conclusion:</strong> the result of this study showed that each patient with DM has ability to carry out self-management based on their belief, value and knowledge. Basic information about diabetes was the most important aspect before patients can perform self-management successfully.<em></em></p>