Cyclodextrins-in-Liposomes: A Promising Delivery System for Lippia sidoides and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils

Biological activity of essential oils (EOs) has been extensively reported; however, their low aqueous solubility, high photosensitivity, and volatility compromise a broad industrial use of these compounds. To overcome these limitations, we proposed a nanoencapsulation approach to protect EOs, that aims to increase their stability and modulate their release profile. In this study, drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes encapsulating two essential oils (Lippia sidoides and Syzygium aromaticum) and their respective major compounds (thymol and eugenol) were produced by ethanol injection and freeze-dried to form proliposomes and further physicochemically characterized. Liposomes showed high physical stability over one month of storage at 4 °C, with slight changes in the mean size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Reconstituted proliposomes showed a mean size between 350 and 3300 nm, PDI from 0.29 to 0.41, and zeta potential between −22 and −26 mV. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction of proliposomes revealed a less-ordered crystalline structure, leading to high retention of the major bioactive compounds (between 73% and 93% for eugenol, and 74% and 84% for thymol). This work highlights the advantages of using drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes as delivery systems to retain volatile compounds, increasing their physicochemical stability and their promising potential to be utilized as carriers in products in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries.

Essential Oils From Cymbopogon Citratus and Lippia Sidoides in the Anesthetic Induction and Transport of Ornamental Fish Pterophyllum Scalare

This study verified the effects of essential oils from Lippia sidoides (EOLS) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOCC) on the anesthesia of freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) of two different sizes (juveniles I (0.82 g) and II (2.40 g)) and on the transport (8 h) of juveniles II. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EOLS and EOCC: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg L−1. Ventilatory rate (VR) and transport for 8 h with 0, 10, and 15 mg L−1 of each essential oil were evaluated in juveniles II. The major components found in EOLS and EOCC were carvacrol (44.50%) and a-citral (73.56%), respectively. The best sedation and anesthesia times for both essential oils were obtained with 10 and 25 mg L−1 and 200 and 250 mg L−1 for juveniles I and II, respectively. Fish sedated with EOLS had lower VR values than the other treatments. For transported fish, blood glucose levels were higher in ornamental fish transported with 10 and 15 mg EOLS L−1 and 15 mg EOCC L−1. Hepatic glycogen values were higher in the control group. In general, fish transported with 10 mg EOLS L−1 showed fewer gill histological alterations than other transported fish. When the type of lesion was evaluated, the highest gill alterations occurred in fish transported with EOCC. In conclusion, for the transport of juveniles II, 10 mg EOLS L−1 could be used because although this concentration increased blood glucose, it decreased the VR and caused only mild alterations to the gills.

A Systematic Review of the Potential Effects of Lippia sidoides on Dental Plaque and Periodontal Diseases

Lippia sidoides is a typical shrub from Brazil that has been used in traditional medicine. This is a systematic review on the effect of L. sidoides for controlling dental plaque, gingivitis, and periodontitis. A database search through May 2021 in Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, BVS, and Web of Science identified 711 reports of which 17 met our inclusion criteria. Five randomized controlled trials and three animal studies were included that compared L. sidoides-based products (toothpaste, mouthrinse, and gel) to cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, and placebo products. Among the human studies, a significant antiplaque effect after treatment with L. sidoides-based products was observed in three studies and an antigingivitis effect in two studies, similar to chlorhexidine-based products. One study found superior dental plaque reduction compared to cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse. Only one study testing a L. sidoides gel found no antiplaque effect. Among the animal studies, an L. sidoides mouthrinse significantly reduced calculus in two studies, inflammatory infiltrate in one study, and plaque bacteria and gingivitis in one study. An L. sidoides gel significantly reduced alveolar bone loss and inflammatory response in one study in which mice were submitted to ligature-induced periodontal disease. In general, L. sidoides-based products were effective in reducing dental plaque and calculus formation, as well as clinical signs of gingivitis. As most studies present methodological limitations, these results should be interpreted carefully. Further clinical trials with greater methodological accuracy and control of biases are necessary for the use of L. sidoides-based products in humans to be viable in clinical practice.

Punica granatum, lippia sidoides, mikania glomerata e mikania laevegata: ação sobre o biofilme dental

As plantas medicinais vêm sendo mais utilizadas devidos às suas propriedades preventivas, paliativas e curativas, além de ser uma terapia diferente, trazendo inúmeros benefícios aos usuários. A Punica granatum Linn pertence a família Lythracaceae, sendo popularmente conhecida como “Romã”. Em forma de colutório a romã pode demonstrar eficácia sobre diversos microorganismos formadores do biofilme dental, além de ajudar na redução do sangramento gengival. A Lippia sidoides Cham pertence à família Verbenaceae, popularmente conhecida como “Alecrim-pimenta”. Seu uso tem mostrado uma alta atividade antimicrobiana contra fungos e bactérias, incluindo espécies do gênero Streptococcus mutans, como, também, a redução da gengivite e placa bacteriana. As Mikania glomerata e a Mikania laevegata, pertencem a mesma família Asteraceae e são popularmente conhecidas como “Guaco” e possuem atividade antimicrobiana sobre o Streptococcus mutans. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso de fitoterápicos na Odontologia, em especial quanto à atividade microbiana das plantas Punica, Lippia e Mikania, as propriedades farmacológicas dessas e sua atuação sobre o biofilme dental. Trata-se de uma revisão literária do tipo narrativa, onde foi realizada uma seleção de trabalhos científicos já elaborados sobre os aspectos das propriedades farmacológicas da Mikania glomerata, Mikana laevigata, Punica granatum Linn. e da Lippia sidoides Cham, através das bases de dados: LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, BVS, além de monografias, teses, dissertações e livros. Foi visto na literatura que todas as plantas pesquisadas possuem efeito sobre o biofilme dental quando em baixa concentração e de acordo com suas propriedades químicas e fitoterápicas.