Hypertension: Blood pressure regulating systems: cellular, integrative, and therapeutic aspects

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1515-1515
Author(s):  
Paul I. Korner ◽  
Frans H. H. Leenen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Large Range ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Generous Financial Support ◽  
Formed Part

This is only the second time in the long history of the International Physiological Congresses that a symposium on hypertension has formed part of the official satellite programme. After the 1983 IUPS Congress in Sydney, John Chalmers organized a magnificent satellite meeting at the Flinders Medical Centre in South Australia and we felt that we wished to continue the "tradition." Hypertension research has provided a wonderful example in recent years of how exciting it can be to apply very basic discoveries to the solution of practical problems. This meeting breaks new ground in being the first scientific event sponsored jointly by the Canadian Hypertension Society and the Australian High Blood Pressure Council. The meeting was made possible by generous financial support from Pfizer Canada and Pfizer Australia with, as co-contributors, Bayer Germany and Sandoz Australia. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Mrs. A. Garat of Pfizer Canada Medical Services in the organization of the meeting and Dr. Andrew Rankin who was responsible for all local arrangements.The Hypertension Satellite was held at Whistler, B.C., July 19–21, 1986, following the 30th International Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences in Vancouver. It provided a good forum for interdisciplinary information exchange. It also proved to be a pleasant social occasion in the beautiful setting of the coastal range of the Canadian Rockies. There were 48 invited speakers from Canada, Australia, Europe, the U.S.A., Japan, and New Zealand. We were fortunate in having as our patrons two great names in hypertension research, Dr. Arthur Guyton and Dr. Sydney Friedman.Emphasis was on a large range of mechanisms that regulate blood pressure. There were sessions on cell biology, the kidney, autonomic nervous regulation, peptides (including, of course, atrial natriuretic peptide and arginine vasopressin), and pathogenesis. The proceedings provide an up-to-date account of the position of the current "state of the art" in a number of important areas.

P1943Ambient temperature and seasonal effects on blood pressure in 2.6 million Australians

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Atkins ◽  
Q Pilard ◽  
K Rogers ◽  
A Salam ◽  
A Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background There is evidence that blood pressure (BP) levels vary considerably from season to season, due principally to variation in ambient temperature. This gives the potential for both under- and over-treatment if BP lowering medications are not varied seasonally, but is not acknowledged in clinical guidelines. We will describe the seasonal variation in BP and assess the association between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and outdoor maximum ambient temperature in Australia. Methods The primary care data is an extract from MedicineInsight, a national general practice data program developed and managed by NPS MedicineWise, which extracts deidentified data from almost 10% of all Australian general practices. We included patients aged 30–90 years with at least one BP measure recorded from 1 Jan 2010 to 1 Aug 2017. Australian Bureau of Meteorology daily max temperature is linked by matching observation dates and location to nearest weather station. Decomposition of the mean will determine seasonal variation. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the associations between max temperature and SBP with adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic index, current smoking, comorbidities, BP lowering medication use, lipid lowering medication use and year of BP measurement. Results The study population includes 2.6 million people, mean age 55 years (standard deviation [SD] 16.3). Fifty-five percent are female, over a third of the cohort reside in New South Wales, and 62.4% reside in major Australian cities. The mean (SD) temperature was 23°C (6.6). There was a mean (SD) of 7 (11.4) BP measurements per person over the study period, median 3 measures (interquartile range 1–8). A quarter had a history of hypertension, 8% had a history of cardiovascular disease, and 8% had a history of diabetes. Twenty-six percent had at least one prescription for BP lowering therapy. The average monthly SBP for the cohort demonstrated strong seasonal variation with higher values in winter. The population mean varies by 3mmHg SBP between seasons across Australia, ranging from 1.7mmHg in the Northern Territory to 3.5mmHg in South Australia (range of mean maximum temperature 3°C [30–33] and 14°C [15–29] for the capital cities respectively). Each 10°C increase in max outdoor temperature was associated with a 1.8mmHg [95% CI 1.80–1.83] lower mean SBP. The proportion of people with SBP>140mmHg varied by season, irrespective of age, sex and use of BP lowering treatment. For example, among those treated control rates varied between 70 and 81%, and among those not treated between 78 and 85% (Figure). Blood pressure seasonality in Australia Conclusions BP control rates vary considerably by season. These findings have implications for the reliable diagnosis of hypertension, and suggest seasonal adjustments in treatment should be considered for some patients. The clinical and public health relevance of this phenomenon is expected to increase with increasing climate variability. Acknowledgement/Funding National Health and Medical Research Council Australia, National Heart Foundation Australia

A History of the Fractography of Brittle Materials

2009 ◽  
Vol 409 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Brittle Materials ◽  
Fractographic Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Study Of Fracture Surfaces

The evolution of the science of fractography of brittle materials initially was driven by failure analysis problems. Early analyses focused on general patterns of fracture and how they correlated to the loading conditions. Many early documents are simply descriptive, but the curiosity of some key scientists and engineers was aroused. Scientific or engineering explanations for the observed patterns gradually were developed. Advances in microscopy and flaw based theories of strength and fracture mechanics led to dramatic advances in the state of the art of fractographic analysis of brittle materials. Introduction: This author was drawn backwards in time as he researched the current state of the art of fractographic analysis of brittle materials for his fractography guide book.[ ] Others have written about how the fractographic analysis of metals evolved (e.g., [ , , , ]), but there is no analogue for ceramics and glasses. The key scientists, engineers, and analysts who contributed to our field are shown in Fig. 1. Other work done by industry workers who were unable or loathe to publish is now lost, inaccessible, forgotten, or even discarded. It is the goal of this paper to review the key publications and mark the noteworthy advances in the field. Some deem fractography as the study of fracture surfaces, but this author takes a broader view. Fractography is the means and methods for characterizing fractured specimens or components and, for example, a simple examination of the fragments and how they fit together to study the overall breakage pattern is a genuine fractographic analysis.

scholarly journals Stereological methods in cell biology: where are we--where are we going?

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1043-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
E R Weibel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Geometric Probability ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Current State ◽  
Morphometric Methods ◽  
Physiological Approach ◽  
Function Correlation ◽  
Analytical Approaches

The current state of the art in morphometric cell biology is reviewed by looking at the developmental state of stereological methods, and at the approaches used to arrive at quantitative structure-function correlation. Stereological methods have reached a fairly advanced level of sophistication since mathematical stereology has been developed as a branch of geometric probability theory. The application of these methods in cell biology lags behind, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Among the strategies used in exploiting stereological methods in cell biology the physiological approach (where a change is induced experimentally and its effect on the cells is followed by biochemical and morphometric methods) ranks highest and is still valid. More analytical approaches, such as combining stereology and biochemistry in cell fraction studies, are fraught with difficulties. In considering future developments of stereological methods, the emphasis will have to be 1) on developing procedures for eliminating biases such as section thickness or resolution effects, and 2) on increasing the efficiency of the methods by better sampling rules and improved instrumentation. The future trends in morphometric cell biology might best be served by exploiting the potentials of histochemistry and stereology by combining them with a view to 1) establishing procedures for cell-specific sampling and 2) developing methods towards "molecular morphometry" on the basis of immunocytochemical labeling.

scholarly journals Digital Archiving in Archaeology: The State of the Art. Introduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian D. Richards ◽  
Ulf Jakobsson ◽  
David Novák ◽  
Benjamin Štular ◽  
Holly Wright
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Digital Archiving ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The articles in this special issue demonstrate significant differences in digital archiving capacity in different countries. In part these reflect differences in the history of archaeology in each country, its relationship to the state, whether it is centralised or decentralised, state-led or commercially driven. They also reflect some of the different attitudes to archaeology across the world, most recently explored in a survey conducted under the auspices of the NEARCH project. They reflect a snapshot in time, but our aim is to record the current state-of-the-art in each country, to inform knowledge, stimulate discussion, and to provoke change.

scholarly journals Robotic Observatories: Past, Present and Future

1993 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 188-197
Author(s):  
Russell M. Genet ◽  
David R. Genet
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of

AbstractWe briefly describe the history of robotic observatories, give details on an example of the current state-of-the-art in robotic observatories, and suggest several key areas for future development.

Microrobotic laser steering for minimally invasive surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (50) ◽  
pp. eabd5476
Author(s):  
Peter A. York ◽  
Rut Peña ◽  
Daniel Kent ◽  
Robert J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive Surgery ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Range ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fabrication Method ◽  
Modular Assembly ◽  
Surgical Tools ◽  
Minimally Invasive Surgical ◽  
Current State

The creation of multiarticulated mechanisms for use with minimally invasive surgical tools is difficult because of fabrication, assembly, and actuation challenges on the millimeter scale of these devices. Nevertheless, such mechanisms are desirable for granting surgeons greater precision and dexterity to manipulate and visualize tissue at the surgical site. Here, we describe the construction of a complex optoelectromechanical device that can be integrated with existing surgical tools to control the position of a fiber-delivered laser. By using modular assembly and a laminate fabrication method, we are able to create a smaller and higher-bandwidth device than the current state of the art while achieving a range of motion similar to existing tools. The device we present is 6 millimeters in diameter and 16 millimeters in length and is capable of focusing and steering a fiber-delivered laser beam at high speed (1.2-kilohertz bandwidth) over a large range (over ±10 degrees in both of two axes) with excellent static repeatability (200 micrometers).

Current state of the art for use of pacemakers and defibrillators in patients with congenital cardiac malformations

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (S3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Stephenson ◽  
Jonathan R. Kaltman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators ◽  
Cardiac Malformations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Congenital Cardiac Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Cardioverter Defibrillators

As patients with congenital cardiac malformations increasingly survive therapeutic interventions, and our understanding of primary electrical diseases increases, the landscape of paediatric and congenital electrophysiology is expanding. Electrophysiologic abnormalities, both tachycardic and bradycardic, are commonly seen in post-operative patients with congenital cardiac disease, as well as being part of the natural history of congenital malformations and cardiomyopathies. Disturbances of rhythm represent an increasing morbidity in this population, and therapies using devices in the form of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have taken on a correspondingly important role. In this review, we discuss some of the key features and recent advances in pacing for bradycardia, resynchronization pacing, anti-tachycardia pacing, and use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

scholarly journals Natural language interfaces to databases – an introduction

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Androutsopoulos ◽  
G.D. Ritchie ◽  
P. Thanisch
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Query Languages ◽  
Natural Language Interfaces ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Database Updates ◽  
Graphical Interfaces ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis paper is an introduction to natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDBS). A brief overview of the history of NLIDBS is first given. Some advantages and disadvantages of NLIDBS are then discussed, comparing NLIDBS to formal query languages, form-based interfaces, and graphical interfaces. An introduction to some of the linguistic problems NLIDBS have to confront follows, for the benefit of readers less familiar with computational linguistics. The discussion then moves on to NLIDB architectures, portability issues, restricted natural language input systems (including menu-based NLIDBS), and NLIDBS with reasoning capabilities. Some less explored areas of NLIDB research are then presented, namely database updates, meta-knowledge questions, temporal questions, and multi-modal NLIDBS. The paper ends with reflections on the current state of the art.

scholarly journals The KICK-OFF of 6G Research Worldwide: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Hans Dieter Schotten
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Mobile System ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Milestone

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile system is now being deployed across the world and the scale of 5G subscribers is growing quickly in many countries. The attention of academia and industry is increasingly shifting towards the sixth generation (6G) and many pioneering works are being kicked off, indicating an important milestone in the history of 6G. At this juncture, an overview of the current state of the art of 6G research and a vision of future communications are of great interest. This paper thus investigates up-to-date 6G research programs, ambitions, and main viewpoints of representative countries, institutions and companies worldwide. Then, the key technologies are outlined and a vision on ``What 6G may look like?" is provided. This paper aims to serve as an enlightening guideline for interested researchers to quickly get an overview when kicking off their 6G research.

A Brief History of Prosthetics and Orthotics of the Lower Body and Their Types

2021 ◽  
pp. 365-380
Author(s):  
Dheeman Bhuyan ◽  
Kaushik Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Shed Light

Prosthetics and orthotics are items taken for granted in today's day and age. However, this has not always been the case. The history of these everyday items is long and very colorful. In this chapter, the authors shed light on the history and development of prosthetics and orthotics of the lower body in order to better understand the current state of the art in the fields. A historical perspective is provided followed by enumeration of the types of devices and techniques available without going into the form and function of individual products.

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