Use of the doubly labeled water method for measurement of energy expenditure, total body water, water intake, and metabolizable energy intake in humans and small animals

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 1190-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

The basis of the doubly labeled water method is measurement of the differential rates of disappearance of two isotopes of water (H218O and either 2H2O or 3H2O, administered at the start of the study) from body water. Published studies indicate that, in its current forms, this technique can be used to provide accurate and reasonably precise information on carbon dioxide production, total body water, and water intake in free-living humans and many small animals. Total energy expenditure can be calculated from carbon dioxide production with little loss of precision. Metabolizable energy intake can also be predicted, as the sum of total energy expenditure plus an estimate for the change in body energy stores during the measurement, but this prediction is unlikely to be accurate and precise unless the subject is in approximate energy balance.Key words: doubly labeled water, energy metabolism, energy expenditure, water intake, body composition.

Measurement of energy expenditure in humans by doubly labeled water method

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 955-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Schoeller ◽  
E. van Santen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Water Output ◽  
Isotope Ratio Analysis ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Total Body

The utility of the doubly labeled water method for the determination of energy expenditure and water output was investigated in humans. Approximately 10 g of 18O and 0.5 g of 2H as water was orally administered to four healthy adults. Total body water was determined from the isotope dilution, and the ensuing 18O and 2H disappearance rates from body water were determined for 13 days by mass spectrometric isotope ratio analysis of the urinary water. During this period, subjects were maintained on a measured diet to determine energy and water intake. The energy expenditure from the doubly labeled water method differed from dietary intake plus change in body composition by an average of 2%, with a coefficient of variation of 6%. The water outputs determined by the two methods differed by 1%, with a coefficient of variation of 7%. The doubly labeled water method is noninvasive, and the subjects could maintain their daily activities without restriction.

Sensitivity of methods for calculating energy expenditure by use of doubly labeled water

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 644-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Seale ◽  
C. Miles ◽  
C. E. Bodwell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Calculated Energy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
The Difference

Attempts to estimate human energy expenditure by use of doubly labeled water have produced three methods currently used for calculating carbon dioxide production from isotope disappearance data: 1) the two-point method, 2) the regression method, and 3) the integration method. An ideal data set was used to determine the error produced in the calculated energy expenditure for each method when specific variables were perturbed. The analysis indicates that some of the calculation methods are more susceptible to perturbations in certain variables than others. Results from an experiment on one adult human subject are used to illustrate the potential for error in actual data. Samples of second void urine, 24-h urine, and breath collected every other day for 21 days are used to calculate the average daily energy expenditure by three calculation methods. The difference between calculated energy expenditure and metabolizable energy on a weight-maintenance diet is used to estimate the error associated with the doubly labeled water method.

Energy budget in free-living animals: a novel approach based on the doubly labeled water method

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. R1336-R1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kam ◽  
A. A. Degen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Body Energy

We provide a theoretical and practical model for the calculation of energy balance of free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method. Energy expenditure, metabolizable energy intake, and body energy balance (energy retention, negative or positive) of animals are estimated using CO2 production, water influx, and dietary habits. This model accounts for CO2 produced from the 1) oxidation of dietary substrates, 2) catabolism of body tissue, and 3) deposition of body energy. We examined the model using data from studies on five homeotherms reported in the literature. The ratios between daily energy expenditure using our model and that presented in the reports ranged between 0.76 and 1.18. Metabolizable energy intakes were as low as 43% of energy expenditure in negative energy-balanced hummingbirds and as high as 245% of energy expenditure in positive energy-balanced koala bears. This model is the first that allows theoretical calculation of all energy budget components, including energy retention, in free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method.

scholarly journals Use of feces to estimate isotopic abundance in doubly labeled water studies in reindeer in summer and winter

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (4) ◽  
pp. R1451-R1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Gotaas ◽  
Eric Milne ◽  
Paul Haggarty ◽  
Nicholas J. C. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Isotopic Abundance ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Free Ranging

The reliance on samples of blood or urine to estimate isotopic abundance in studies of energy metabolism using the doubly labeled water method has restricted application of the technique to animals that are either tame or easy to catch. This is generally not the case with large, free-ranging wild mammals. The use of feces as a source of body water in which to measure the concentration of isotopic markers was investigated in four female reindeer in summer and in winter.2H2O and H2 18O were injected to ∼160 parts per million excess. Samples of plasma and feces were then collected simultaneously for up to 456 h. Both isotopes were equilibrated with body water at 8 h postdose. There were no significant differences by animal between dilution spaces, rate constants, rates of CO2production, and total energy expenditure (TEE) calculated based on samples of plasma or feces in any trial. Mean TEE was 3.557 W/kg (SD 0.907, n = 4) in summer and 1.865 W/kg (SD 0.166, n = 4) in winter.

Effect of bolus fluid intake on energy expenditure values as determined by the doubly labeled water method

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Drews ◽  
T. P. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Point Determination ◽  
Source Of Error

The doubly labeled water (DLW, 2H(2)18O) method is a highly accurate method for measuring energy expenditure (EE). A possible source of error is bolus fluid intake before body water sampling. If there is bolus fluid intake immediately before body water sampling, the saliva may reflect the ingested water disproportionately, because the ingested water may not have had time to mix fully with the body water pool. To ascertain the magnitude of this problem, EE was measured over a 5-day period by the DLW method. Six subjects were dosed with 2H2(18)O. After the reference salivas for the two-point determination were obtained, subjects drank water (700–1,000 ml), and serial saliva samples were collected for the next 3 h. Expressing the postbolus saliva enrichments as a percentage of the prebolus value, we found 1) a minimum in the saliva isotopic enrichments were reached at approximately 30 min with the minimum for 2H (95.48 +/- 0.43%) being significantly lower than the minimum for 18O (97.55 +/- 0.44, P less than 0.05) and 2) EE values calculated using the postbolus isotopic enrichments are appreciably higher (19.9 +/- 7.5%) than the prebolus reference values. In conclusion, it is not advisable to collect saliva samples for DLW measurements within approximately 1 h of bolus fluid intake.

Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: validation in humans and proposed calculation

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (5) ◽  
pp. R823-R830 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Schoeller ◽  
E. Ravussin ◽  
Y. Schutz ◽  
K. J. Acheson ◽  
P. Baertschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Atom Percent Excess

To further validate the doubly labeled water method for measurement of CO2 production and energy expenditure in humans, we compared it with near-continuous respiratory gas exchange in nine healthy young adult males. Subjects were housed in a respiratory chamber for 4 days. Each received 2H2(18)O at either a low (n = 6) or a moderate (n = 3) isotope dose. Low and moderate doses produced initial 2H enrichments of 5 and 10 X 10(-3) atom percent excess, respectively, and initial 18O enrichments of 2 and 2.5 X 10(-2) atom percent excess, respectively. Total body water was calculated from isotope dilution in saliva collected at 4 and 5 h after the dose. CO2 production was calculated by the two-point method using the isotopic enrichments of urines collected just before each subject entered and left the chamber. Isotope enrichments relative to predose samples were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. At low isotope dose, doubly labeled water overestimated average daily energy expenditure by 8 +/- 9% (SD) (range -7 to 22%). At moderate dose the difference was reduced to +4 +/- 5% (range 0-9%). The isotope elimination curves for 2H and 18O from serial urines collected from one of the subjects showed expected diurnal variations but were otherwise quite smooth. The overestimate may be due to approximations in the corrections for isotope fractionation and isotope dilution. An alternative approach to the corrections is presented that reduces the overestimate to 1%.

Longitudinal assessment of energy expenditure in pregnancy by the doubly labeled water method

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
G R Goldberg ◽  
A M Prentice ◽  
W A Coward ◽  
H L Davies ◽  
P R Murgatroyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
In Pregnancy
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