Sensitivity of methods for calculating energy expenditure by use of doubly labeled water

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 644-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Seale ◽  
C. Miles ◽  
C. E. Bodwell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Calculated Energy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
The Difference

Attempts to estimate human energy expenditure by use of doubly labeled water have produced three methods currently used for calculating carbon dioxide production from isotope disappearance data: 1) the two-point method, 2) the regression method, and 3) the integration method. An ideal data set was used to determine the error produced in the calculated energy expenditure for each method when specific variables were perturbed. The analysis indicates that some of the calculation methods are more susceptible to perturbations in certain variables than others. Results from an experiment on one adult human subject are used to illustrate the potential for error in actual data. Samples of second void urine, 24-h urine, and breath collected every other day for 21 days are used to calculate the average daily energy expenditure by three calculation methods. The difference between calculated energy expenditure and metabolizable energy on a weight-maintenance diet is used to estimate the error associated with the doubly labeled water method.

Use of the doubly labeled water method for measurement of energy expenditure, total body water, water intake, and metabolizable energy intake in humans and small animals

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 1190-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

The basis of the doubly labeled water method is measurement of the differential rates of disappearance of two isotopes of water (H218O and either 2H2O or 3H2O, administered at the start of the study) from body water. Published studies indicate that, in its current forms, this technique can be used to provide accurate and reasonably precise information on carbon dioxide production, total body water, and water intake in free-living humans and many small animals. Total energy expenditure can be calculated from carbon dioxide production with little loss of precision. Metabolizable energy intake can also be predicted, as the sum of total energy expenditure plus an estimate for the change in body energy stores during the measurement, but this prediction is unlikely to be accurate and precise unless the subject is in approximate energy balance.Key words: doubly labeled water, energy metabolism, energy expenditure, water intake, body composition.

Energy budget in free-living animals: a novel approach based on the doubly labeled water method

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. R1336-R1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kam ◽  
A. A. Degen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Body Energy

We provide a theoretical and practical model for the calculation of energy balance of free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method. Energy expenditure, metabolizable energy intake, and body energy balance (energy retention, negative or positive) of animals are estimated using CO2 production, water influx, and dietary habits. This model accounts for CO2 produced from the 1) oxidation of dietary substrates, 2) catabolism of body tissue, and 3) deposition of body energy. We examined the model using data from studies on five homeotherms reported in the literature. The ratios between daily energy expenditure using our model and that presented in the reports ranged between 0.76 and 1.18. Metabolizable energy intakes were as low as 43% of energy expenditure in negative energy-balanced hummingbirds and as high as 245% of energy expenditure in positive energy-balanced koala bears. This model is the first that allows theoretical calculation of all energy budget components, including energy retention, in free-living animals using the doubly labeled water method.

Revision of calculations in the doubly labeled water method for measurement of energy expenditure in humans

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (6) ◽  
pp. E805-E807 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Coward ◽  
P. Ritz ◽  
T. J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
The Difference

In the doubly labeled water (DLW) method for the measurement of energy expenditure in humans, the basis of the calculation for CO2 production is the difference between the products of the rate constants for the disappearance of 18O and 2H from body water (KO, and KD, respectively) and the matching isotope dilution spaces (NO and ND, respectively). Thus, omitting corrections for isotope fractionation, CO2 production = 0.5 (KONO-KDND). In this calculation, it is also customary to normalize observed NO and ND values to a fixed value for ND/NO. The increasing use of the method has resulted in the generation of substantially more information on the normal value for ND/NO than existed at the time the method was first developed, and recent work has suggested that revisions of the originally used value of 1.03 may now be deemed appropriate. Values of 1.034 or 1.0427 have recently been suggested, but when applied in energy expenditure studies these estimates would lead to significantly different expenditure measurements. It can, however, be shown from published work and direct experimental study that ND/NO values are method dependent, and for these reasons the lower revised value of 1.034 appears to be more acceptable. The possibility that particular populations may ultimately be shown to be different from 1.034 should not, however, be dismissed entirely, and for this reason we suggest that information derived in individual experiments could be used in a Bayesian fashion to generate new ND/NO estimates. The appropriate techniques are described.

Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: validation in humans and proposed calculation

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (5) ◽  
pp. R823-R830 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Schoeller ◽  
E. Ravussin ◽  
Y. Schutz ◽  
K. J. Acheson ◽  
P. Baertschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Atom Percent Excess

To further validate the doubly labeled water method for measurement of CO2 production and energy expenditure in humans, we compared it with near-continuous respiratory gas exchange in nine healthy young adult males. Subjects were housed in a respiratory chamber for 4 days. Each received 2H2(18)O at either a low (n = 6) or a moderate (n = 3) isotope dose. Low and moderate doses produced initial 2H enrichments of 5 and 10 X 10(-3) atom percent excess, respectively, and initial 18O enrichments of 2 and 2.5 X 10(-2) atom percent excess, respectively. Total body water was calculated from isotope dilution in saliva collected at 4 and 5 h after the dose. CO2 production was calculated by the two-point method using the isotopic enrichments of urines collected just before each subject entered and left the chamber. Isotope enrichments relative to predose samples were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. At low isotope dose, doubly labeled water overestimated average daily energy expenditure by 8 +/- 9% (SD) (range -7 to 22%). At moderate dose the difference was reduced to +4 +/- 5% (range 0-9%). The isotope elimination curves for 2H and 18O from serial urines collected from one of the subjects showed expected diurnal variations but were otherwise quite smooth. The overestimate may be due to approximations in the corrections for isotope fractionation and isotope dilution. An alternative approach to the corrections is presented that reduces the overestimate to 1%.

Longitudinal assessment of energy expenditure in pregnancy by the doubly labeled water method

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
G R Goldberg ◽  
A M Prentice ◽  
W A Coward ◽  
H L Davies ◽  
P R Murgatroyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
In Pregnancy

scholarly journals Reproducibility of 24 h energy expenditure measurements using a human whole body indirect calorimeter

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janna O. De Boer ◽  
Aren J. H. Van Es ◽  
Joop E. Vogt ◽  
Joop M. A. Van Raaij ◽  
Joseph G. A. J. Hautvast
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Significant Difference

1. Ten female subjects completed two similar experimental procedures (periods 1 and 2) to obtain values of reproducibility of energy intake and 24 h energy expenditure (24hEE) measurements in a whole body indirect calorimeter. The periods consisted of consumption of a provided weight-maintenance diet for 6–8 d, faeces and urine collection during the last 4 d and occupation of the calorimeter during the last 3 d. The daily routine inside the calorimeter simulated a sedentary day in normal life with some physical activity: 8 h sleep, 75 min bicycling and the remaining time spent on sedentary activities. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diet (14% energy as protein, 46% energy as carbohydrate, 40% energy as fat) was calculated using food tables. The actual ME intake as well as digestibility and metabolizability of the diet were obtained later by analyses of food, faeces and urine for energy. Three consecutive 24hEE measurements were performed during the stay in the calorimeter in each period. The time interval between the two periods varied from 2 to 24 months. Reproducibility was assessed at group and individual level.2. Mean digestibility and metabolizability of the diet showed no significant difference between periods. The within-subject coefficient of variation of metabolizability between periods was 1.7%.3. Mean 24hEE (MJ) over 3 d did not differ between period 1 (8.78 (SD 0.63)) and period 2 (8.73 (SD 0.66)). The within-subject coefficient of variation in mean 24hEE over three successive days between periods was 3.1% but decreased, after deletion of values for subjects who were less adapted to the calorimeter, to 1.9%.4. The results are discussed with regard to length of trial and the number of subjects required to test a difference in energy metabolism using whole body indirect calorimeters.

scholarly journals Methodological error in measurement of energy expenditure by the doubly labeled water method: much ado about nothing?

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1253-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S Ludwig ◽  
Cara B Ebbeling ◽  
Julia M W Wong ◽  
Robert R Wolfe ◽  
William W Wong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Methodological Error ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Much Ado About Nothing ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method

Use of doubly labeled water technique in soldiers training for jungle warfare

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Forbes-Ewan ◽  
B. L. Morrissey ◽  
G. C. Gregg ◽  
D. R. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method

The doubly labeled water method was used to estimate the energy expended by four members of an Australian Army platoon (34 soldiers) engaged in training for jungle warfare. Each subject received an oral isotope dose sufficient to raise isotope levels by 200–250 (18O) and 100–120 ppm (2H). The experimental period was 7 days. Concurrently, a factorial estimate of the energy expenditure of the platoon was conducted. Also, a food intake-energy balance study was conducted for the platoon. Mean daily energy expenditure by the doubly labeled water method was 4,750 kcal (range 4,152–5,394 kcal). The factorial estimate of mean daily energy expenditure was 4,535 kcal. Because of inherent inaccuracies in the food intake-energy balance technique, we were able to conclude only that energy expenditure, as measured by this method, was greater than the estimated mean daily intake of 4,040 kcal. The doubly labeled water technique was well tolerated, is noninvasive, and appears to be suitable in a wide range of field applications.

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