Reproductive phase dependent variation in lung-associated immune system (LAIS) and expression of melatonin receptors (Mel1a and Mel1b) in the lung of the Jungle-Bush Quail (Perdicula asiatica)

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Kharwar ◽  
C. Haldar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Melatonin Receptor ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Avian Lung ◽  
Circulatory Level ◽  
Reproductive Phases

The present study was performed to assess the variation of the lung-associated immune system (LAIS) in the Jungle-Bush Quail ( Perdicula asiatica (Latham, 1790)) during two different reproductive phases when differences in the circulatory level of hormones (melatonin and gonadal steroid) and environmental conditions were maximum. We noted high significant variation in size and number of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) nodules, as well as in the size and number of non-BALT nodules, during the reproductively inactive phase (RIP; December) compared with the active phase (RAP; June). We also noted high significant variation in the percent stimulation ratio of lung lymphocyte, as well as in the concentrations of plasma melatonin and melatonin receptors, during RIP compared with RAP. Testosterone level and number of macrophages in lungs were high during RAP. Thus, we suggest that the LAIS had reproductive phase dependent variation, which could be due to (i) variation in environmental factors (photoperiod, temperature, and humidity) and (ii) circulatory level of hormones (melatonin and testosterone). Because of the importance of melatonin in avian immune regulation, we assess and document the expression of melatonin receptor types Mel1a and Mel1b in the avian lung, which suggest that the lung is a target organ for melatonin and that melatonin is an immunomodulator for lung-associated immunity in birds.

Bidirectional communication between the pineal gland and the immune system

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Skwarlo-Sonta ◽  
Pawel Majewski ◽  
Magdalena Markowska ◽  
Ruslan Oblap ◽  
Bozenna Olszanska
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Organ Specificity ◽  
Melatonin Receptor ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Pineal Function ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
And Function

The pineal gland is a vertebrate neuroendocrine organ converting environmental photoperiodic information into a biochemical message (melatonin) that subsequently regulates the activity of numerous target tissues after its release into the bloodstream. A phylogenetically conserved feature is increased melatonin synthesis during darkness, even though there are differences between mammals and birds in the regulation of rhythmic pinealocyte function. Membrane-bound melatonin receptors are found in many peripheral organs, including lymphoid glands and immune cells, from which melatonin receptor genes have been characterized and cloned. The expression of melatonin receptor genes within the immune system shows species and organ specificity. The pineal gland, via the rhythmical synthesis and release of melatonin, influences the development and function of the immune system, although the postreceptor signal transduction system is poorly understood. Circulating messages produced by activated immune cells are recipro cally perceived by the pineal gland and provide feedback for the regulation of pineal function. The pineal gland and the immune system are, therefore, reciprocally linked by bidirectional communication.Key words: pineal gland, melatonin, immunity, melatonin receptors, melatonin receptor transcripts.

scholarly journals Effect of a Neuropeptide Gene on Behavioral States in Caenorhabditis elegans Egg-Laying

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 1181-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E Waggoner ◽  
Laura Anne Hardaker ◽  
Steven Golik ◽  
William R Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Sensory Cues ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Inactive State ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Behavioral States ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Egg-laying behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans involves fluctuation between alternative behavioral states: an inactive state, during which eggs are retained in the uterus, and an active state, during which eggs are laid in bursts. We have found that the flp-1 gene, which encodes a group of structurally related neuropeptides, functions specifically to promote the switch from the inactive to the active egg-laying state. Recessive mutations in flp-1 caused a significant increase in the duration of the inactive phase, yet egg-laying within the active phase was normal. This pattern resembled that previously observed in mutants defective in the biosynthesis of serotonin, a neuromodulator implicated in induction of the active phase. Although flp-1 mutants were sensitive to stimulation of egg-laying by serotonin, the magnitude of their serotonin response was abnormally low. Thus, the flp-1-encoded peptides and serotonin function most likely function in concert to facilitate the onset of the active egg-laying phase. Interestingly, we observed that flp-1 is necessary for animals to down-regulate their rate of egg-laying in the absence of food. Because flp-1 is known to be expressed in interneurons that are postsynaptic to a variety of chemosensory cells, the FLP-1 peptides may function to regulate the activity of the egg-laying circuitry in response to sensory cues.

scholarly journals Association of alcohol withdrawal severity with MTNR1A (rs34532313) and MTNR1B (rs10830963) genes polymorphisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
I. S. Efremov ◽  
D. R. Tukhvatullina ◽  
U. S. Efremova ◽  
V. R. Gashkarimov ◽  
N. R. Tulbaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Melatonin Receptor ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Severe Withdrawal ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Polymorphic Variants

Alcohol withdrawal is the most threatening condition encountered in patients with alcohol use disorder. Our study aimed to investigate the association of alcohol withdrawal severity with polymorphic variants in melatonin receptor genes. Methods. The clinical study was carried out on the basis of the Republican Narcological Dispensary №1 in Ufa and the Republican Narcological Dispensary №2 in Sterlitamak. Genetic analysis was performed at the Department of Personalised Psychiatry and Neurology at the V.M. Bekhterev Research Centre, Saint Petersburg. The final sample consisted of 307 subjects. Results. Carriers of the TT genotype of the MTNR1A gene (rs34532313) were found to have less hypertension during alcohol withdrawal than carriers of the other genotypes. In comparison, carriers of the GG genotype of the MTNR1B gene (rs10830963) experienced more symptoms than other genotypes: paroxysmal sweating, visual hallucinations, anxiety, and overall CIWA-Ar score. Conclusions. Thus, it can be concluded that the TT genotype of MTNR1A gene (rs34532313) is associated with a lower risk of hypertension during alcohol withdrawal compared to carriers of other gene genotypes. The GG genotype of MTNR1B gene (rs10830963) is associated with severe withdrawal. In general, it can be concluded that melatonin receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol withdrawal and the severe of some of its symptoms. 

scholarly journals Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Yamanashi ◽  
Kei Nemoto ◽  
Josue Alejandro
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Slow Loris ◽  
The Social ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
High Level ◽  
Social Management

Little is known about the social behavior of pygmy slow lorises, in particular, the social relationships of same sex individuals have rarely been investigated. The Slow Loris Conservation Centre was built at the Japan Monkey Centre to enhance the welfare of confiscated slow lorises, promote their conservation, improve public education and perform scientific research on the species. In the course of improving housing conditions, several same-sex pairs of pygmy slow lorises were formed. We monitored their behaviors and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels to understand whether male same sex pairings could be a feasible management strategy. The subjects were 10 male and 6 female lorises for comparison, all of whom were over five years old. We successfully formed five pairs of male lorises after eight formation attempts. Male pairs initially showed some aggressive behaviors; however, the rate decreased approximately 10 days after introduction. All of the male pairs eventually exhibited extensive affiliative social behaviors, including allogrooming and social play, during the dark (active) phase, and sleep site sharing during the light (inactive) phase. The rate of sleep site sharing during the light phase was higher than expected, suggesting that the pairs preferred to stay near each other. There was no evidence of increased stress after a long period of male male social housing. Female same sex pairs and male female pairs demonstrated a high level of affiliative behaviors right after introduction. These results highlight the flexibility and high sociability of this species and indicate that such same sex pairings are a feasible option for their social management.

Adaptive Motion and Force Control of Robots Performing a Complete Task

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhakar R. Pagilla ◽  
Biao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Force Control ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Free Motion ◽  
Constrained Motion ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Adaptive Motion ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Three Phases

Abstract In this work, we consider adaptive motion and force control of a robot performing a complete task. By a complete task we mean that the robot desired task contains both free motion and constrained motion. Further, we also consider transition from free motion to constrained motion. We divide the motion of the robot into three phases: (i) inactive phase, where the robot is in free motion, (ii) transition phase, where the transition from free motion to constrained motion takes place, and (iii) active phase, where the robot is in constrained motion with simultaneous force and position control. Uncertainty of the constraint results in the impact of robot with the constraint surface when transition from free motion to constrained motion. We design stable control laws for the three phases that results in an efficient algorithm for robots performing a complete task. Extensive experiments are conducted to show the validity of the proposed control designs.

Paget Disease

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Peter J. Haar
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
Pathologic Fracture ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Cortical Thickening ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Paget Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Imaging ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Focal Zone ◽  
Sarcomatous Degeneration

Chapter 73 discusses Paget disease, which is a progressive bone disease of excessive bone turnover and abnormal, disordered bone remodeling. Paget disease generally affects older patients. Paget disease has an initial active phase with a focal zone of osteolysis and an inactive phase with bone enlargement, trabecular coarsening, and cortical thickening. The diagnosis of Paget disease is usually made with radiographs, though cross-sectional imaging can be useful for early diagnosis in the skull and spine. Rare complications of Paget disease include neural impingement and sarcomatous degeneration. Treatment is provided with medical therapy and surgical treatment of pathologic fracture or prophylactic fixation.

Responses of adult newts (Amphibia: Urodele) to x rays

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Algard ◽  
G. B. Friedmann ◽  
H. M. McCurdy
Keyword(s):  
Active Phase ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Taricha Granulosa ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Inactive Phase

Adult Taricha granulosa are relatively radioresistant in both their active (summer and spring) and inactive (winter) phases. Animals exposed to doses between 2700 and 3600 rads in their inactive phase died between 80 and 107 days post irradiation. Animals irradiated with similar doses in their active phase died between 40 and 75 days post irradiation. Some observations relating to changes in pigmentation are discussed.

scholarly journals What is the role of melatonin within the anterior pituitary?

2001 ◽  
Vol 170 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Hazlerigg
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Pars Tuberalis ◽  
Melatonin Receptor ◽  
Functional Studies

The pineal hormone, melatonin, is uniquely defined by its role as hormonal time, but the processes whereby cells extract temporal information from the melatonin signal are not understood. Melatonin receptors are expressed in the pars tuberalis (PT) and, during fetal and perinatal life, in the pars distalis (PD). Functional studies suggest that the PT mediates the seasonal effects of melatonin on prolactin secretion, whilst the PD may be involved in photoperiodic programming of the developing gonadotrophic axis. To understand these effects at the cellular level we need to know the phenotype of melatonin-responsive cells. This review summarises current understanding in this area, and highlights present shortcomings. A case is presented for exploring the hypothesis that there is a functional association between melatonin receptor expression and cell differentiation in the anterior pituitary.

scholarly journals Time matters: pathological effects of repeated psychosocial stress during the active, but not inactive, phase of male mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 215 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela S Bartlang ◽  
Inga D Neumann ◽  
David A Slattery ◽  
Nicole Uschold-Schmidt ◽  
Dominik Kraus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Preference ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Light Phase ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Home Cage Activity

Recent findings in rats indicated that the physiological consequences of repeated restraint stress are dependent on the time of day of stressor exposure. To investigate whether this is also true for clinically more relevant psychosocial stressors and whether repeated stressor exposure during the light phase or dark phase is more detrimental for an organism, we exposed male C57BL/6 mice to social defeat (SD) across 19 days either in the light phase between Zeitgeber time (ZT)1 and ZT3 (SDL mice) or in the dark phase between ZT13 and ZT15 (SDD mice). While SDL mice showed a prolonged increase in adrenal weight and an attenuated adrenal responsiveness to ACTHin vitroafter stressor termination, SDD mice showed reduced dark phase home-cage activity on observation days 7, 14, and 20, flattening of the diurnal corticosterone rhythm, lack of social preference, and higherin vitroIFNγ secretion from mesenteric lymph node cells on day 20/21. Furthermore, the colitis-aggravating effect of SD was more pronounced in SDD than SDL mice following dextran sulfate sodium treatment. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that repeated SD effects on behavior, physiology, and immunology strongly depend on the time of day of stressor exposure. Whereas physiological parameters were more affected by SD during the light/inactive phase of mice, behavioral and immunological parameters were more affected by SD during the dark phase. Our results imply that repeated daily SD exposure has a more negative outcome when applied during the dark/active phase. By contrast, the minor physiological changes seen in SDL mice might represent beneficial adaptations preventing the formation of those maladaptive consequences.

The use of saline water for irrigating rice in northern Australia

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Soil Conductivity ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
Reproductive Phases

A pot trial to assess the effect of salt water on growth and yield of rice in the Northern Territory of Australia was conducted in 1962-63. Two varieties were irrigated with three levels of salinity for varied durations in either the establishment or reproductive phases. Plant emergence was significantly depressed by soil conductivities in excess of 4 m-mhos/cm at 25�C. The restricted use of up to 3000 p.p.m. total soluble salts from 10 days after emergence and of up to 6000 p.p.m. from 20 days after emergence, followed by fresh water, had no effect on flowering time, vegetative or grain yields. The application of 3000 and 6000 p.p.m. total soluble salts in the reproductive phase reduced mean panicle number and grain yield of both varieties and straw yield of one variety. Use of saline water in the establishment phase followed by fresh water and drainage, reduced soil conductivity. In the reproductive phase it nullified the effect of previous fresh water flushing and tended to increase soil conductivity above original levels.

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