Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in eggs and alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 2006-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Rombough ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Ambient Concentration ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Dose Dependent

Embryos and alevins of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed to cadmium concentrations of between 0.47 μg Cd/L and 27 mg Cd/L from fertilization to near complete yolk absorption. The most sensitive indicator of cadmium toxicity was the inhibition of growth in alevins, with significant reduction occurring in 0.47 μg Cd/L. The LC50 for the interval from fertilization to viable hatch was estimated to lie between 300 and 800 μg Cd/L. Newly hatched alevins had a 24-day LC50 of between 1.5 and 2.7 mg Cd/L. Sensitivity increased sharply in late alevins and significant mortality was recorded in concentrations as low as 8.2 μg Cd/L. Cadmium uptake by eggs was rapid, with dose-dependent saturation levels reached within 24 h and maintained until hatch. Although the total cadmium content of eggs increased with ambient concentration, the degree of bioaccumulation declined. The cadmium contents of newly hatched alevins were much lower but directly proportional to those of eggs. Uptake by alevins was logarithmic, independent of ambient concentration above about 1 μg Cd/L, and did not reach equilibrium during the exposure period (46 days).

The influence of the zona radiata on the toxicity and uptake of cadmium in embryos of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2338-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Rombough ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Zona Radiata ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Eyed embryos of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were significantly more resistant to cadmium if the zona radiata (capsule) was removed (10-day LC50, 4.80 mg Cd/L) than if the zona radiata was intact (10-day LC50, 3.20 mg Cd/L). Differences in resistance times were attributed to slower absorption of cadmium by decapsulated embryos than by encapsulated embryos. The metal content of naked embryos increased slowly and in direct proportion to the length of exposure. The metal content of encapsulated embryos was proportional to the logarithm of the exposure period and rapidly approached an asymptotic maximum. As a consequence, the cadmium content of naked embryos after a 24-h exposure to 8 mg Cd/L was less than 3% of that of encapsulated embryos. An opaque precipitate formed around the head and anterior portion of the body of encapsulated embryos but not of naked embryos exposed to acutely lethal cadmium concentrations. This material was probably cadmium carbonate and may have facilitated metal absorption by effectively exposing the encapsulated embryos to cadmium concentrations considerably greater than those in the ambient environment.

Increase of heart rate without elevation of cardiac output in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to acidic water and aluminium

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C Brodeur ◽  
Trine Ytrestøyl ◽  
Bengt Finstad ◽  
R Scott McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Ventral Aorta

Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 48 h to water from acidified (pH 5.2) Fossbekk River (Norway), with and without 94 µg aluminium (Al)/L added as AlCl3, and to water from circumneutral (pH 6.7) Ims River (Norway) (controls). Cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume were monitored throughout the exposure period with Doppler flow probes placed around the ventral aorta of the fish. Fish exposed to Fossbekk River water without added Al showed few physiological disturbances. When 94 µg Al/L was added to Fossbekk River water, most of the fish died before the end of the 48-h exposure period, and a large elevation in heart rate was observed together with a decrease in plasma chloride concentrations and an increase in haematocrit, plasma glucose and plasma cortisol levels. Cardiac output was maintained at basal levels during the first 24 h of exposure because the tachycardia was accompanied by a concomitant reduction of stroke volume. Signs of arrhythmia appeared after 32 h of exposure and were associated with a further decrease in stroke volume that caused cardiac output to decrease below basal levels. The incapacity of the tachycardia to elevate cardiac output and the subsequent death of the fish suggest that this response to low pH and Al is more of a maladaptation reaction than a compensatory or adaptative reaction.

Disturbed ion balance in alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar chronically exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1443-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Rombough ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Cadmium Poisoning ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Tissue Sodium ◽  
Water Contents

Embryos and alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were exposed to cadmium concentrations ranging from 0.47 to 300 μg Cd/L from shortly after fertilization to near complete yolk absorption (92 days). Tissue sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and water contents of embryos and alevins were determined at 9-day intervals during this period. Cadmium had no significant effect on the tissue cation or water contents of embryos. Net water uptake by alevins was significantly inhibited at cadmium concentrations ≥0.78 μg Cd/L. Net sodium uptake was significantly inhibited at all concentrations except 79 and 300 μg Cd/L, but because of the concomitant decrease in water uptake there were no significant changes in sodium to water ratios. Net potassium uptake was significantly inhibited at concentrations ≥ 8.2 μg Cd/L and net calcium uptake was significantly inhibited at concentrations ≥ 0.78 μg Cd/L. Tissue magnesium was not affected. Calcification of skeletal elements was inhibited progressively at concentrations ≥ 0.78 μg Cd/L. Low tissue potassium and calcium levels appeared to be responsible for many of the symptoms associated with cadmium poisoning and were probably the immediate cause of death.

scholarly journals Dose-dependent hepatic transcriptional responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to sublethal doses of gamma radiation

2014 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 52-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Song ◽  
Brit Salbu ◽  
Hans-Christian Teien ◽  
Lene Sørlie Heier ◽  
Bjørn Olav Rosseland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent

Yolk Absorption, Yolk Sac Constrictions, Mortality, and Growth During First Feeding of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Incubated on Astro-turf

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Hansen ◽  
D. Møller
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Artificial Substrate ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Flat Screen ◽  
Yolk Absorption

Groups of pooled Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eggs were incubated in a "California" incubation system with and without astro-turf, an artificial substrate, and later transferred to separate feeding units. Alevins reared in astro-turf absorbed their yolk sac faster and more efficiently than alevins reared on a flat screen. Alevins reared on the flat screen developed yolk sac constrictions probably due to the backward and lateral force created by the high swimming activity. No such malformations were found on the yolk sacs of the astro-turf reared alevins. The fry hatched without astro-turf grew faster than the fry hatched with astro-turf during the initial feeding period, but later this was reversed. Mortality of alevins and fry hatched with astro-turf was lower during incubation and during first feeding.

HEPATOGENESIS OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L.)

1942 ◽  
Vol 20d (4) ◽  
pp. 79-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Intestinal Loop ◽  
Clockwise Rotation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Ductus Choledochus ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Pyloric Stomach ◽  
The Right

The anlage of the liver of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., arises during the eleventh week, 4.0 mm. embryo, as a proliferation of entodermal cells from the ventral wall of the anterior intestinal region. This anlage soon takes on a double appearance caudally. In embryos of 12 to [Formula: see text] weeks (4.7 to 5.0 mm.) it consists of right and left primordia with a common ventral opening into the intestine. By 13 weeks (5.4 mm. embryo) the anlage has curved toward the left, a position assumed through the counter-clockwise rotation of the intestine. The cells are becoming arranged in cords. A subsequent clockwise rotation of the intestine, apparent first in embryos of 14 weeks (6.5 mm.), draws the anlage to a dextroventral position. By 16 weeks (8.5 mm.) the ductus choledochus enters the right side of the intestine; the anlage itself passes posteriorly along the ventral surface of the intestine then abruptly forward in the form of a hook to the right of the intestine. The liver cells are arranged as branching trabeculae with some indication of vascularization. The liver anlage becomes rhomboidal and migrates to a position on the right of the rectilinear intestine, where it remains until some time after hatching. In the 25 mm. alevin (26 days after hatching) the intestine through a process of flexion commences to differentiate into cardiac and pyloric stomach, ascending and descending limbs of intestine. Simultaneously the papilla duodeni marking the opening of the ductus choledochus into the intestine is carried to a sinistrodorsal position opening into the ascending limb of the intestine at the level of the second row of pyloric caeca. Subsequent clockwise rotation of the ascending limb finally carries it to the sinistroventral margin. Yolk absorption now permits the liver to grow ventrad to the intestine, while the anterior progression of the intestinal loop is instrumental in its migration to the anterior end of the coelom. In the early parr the liver is somewhat triangular in shape with the apex posterior and in the mid-line. Through unequal growth the left median lobe in the late parr becomes much longer than the right, from which, however, it is never distinctly divided. It has now assumed the general appearance of the organ in the smolt and adult. Enlargement of the blind end of the ductus choledochus in the 21 week embryo (11.8 mm.) forms the gall bladder. Hepatic ducts are formed as branches of the primary ductus choledochus.

scholarly journals Dose-Dependent Consumption of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Increases Plasma Phospholipid n-3 Fatty Acids Differentially

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K. Raatz ◽  
Thad A. Rosenberger ◽  
LuAnn K. Johnson ◽  
William W. Wolters ◽  
Gary S. Burr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Plasma Phospholipid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dose Dependent

Sodium Balance in the Eggs of the Atlantic Salmon, Salmo Salar

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
P. P. RUDY ◽  
W. T. W.POTTS
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Perivitelline Fluid ◽  
Ambient Concentration

1. Exchanges of sodium ions between the egg of the salmon and the environment have been examined at different stages. 2. In freshly stripped eggs and during the early stages of development exchange is confined to the chorion and perivitelline fluid. 3. The perivitelline fluid can accumulate sodium to several times the ambient concentration probably by a Donnan effect associated with its protein content. At low external concentrations the relative accumulation is lower than the Donnan theory predicts. 4. Sodium accumulation begins during the eyed stage and accelerates after hatching.

Microstructure and texture of fresh and smoked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fillets from fish reared and slaughtered under different conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjofn Sigurgisladottir ◽  
Margret S. Sigurdardottir ◽  
Helga Ingvarsdottir ◽  
Ole J. Torrissen ◽  
Hannes Hafsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar
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