Study of Hydrophilic Properties of Polysaccharides

In this research, the structural characteristics, specific surface area, sorption of water vapor, and wetting enthalpy of various polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicelluloses, starch, pectin, chitin, and chitosan) have been studied. It was confirmed that crystallites are inaccessible for water, and therefore water molecules can interact only with polar groups in noncrystalline (amorphous) domains of biopolymers. The isotherms of water vapor sorption for various polysaccharides had sigmoid shapes, which can be explained by the absorption of water molecules in heterogeneous amorphous domains having clusters with different packing densities. The method of contributions of polar groups to sorption of water molecules was used, which allowed to derivate a simple calculating equation to describe the shape of sorption isotherms. The wetting of biopolymers with water was accompanied by a high exothermic thermal effect, in direct proportion to the amorphicity degree. The sorption values and wetting enthalpies of amorphous domains of biopolymers were calculated, which allowed to find the hydrophilicity index and compare the hydrophilicity of the various polysaccharides.

A Critical Overview on Prostaglandin Inhibitors and Their Influence on Pregnancy Results after Insemination and Embryo Transfer in Cows

Assisted reproductive techniques in cattle, such as artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET), are widely used. Despite many years of methodological improvements, the pregnancy rate (PR) in cows has not increased in direct proportion with their development. Among the possibilities to increase the PR is the use of certain steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The antiluteolytic effect of NSAIDs is achieved by blocking cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. This article compares the PRs obtained after treatment with the commonly used NSAIDs in cattle, including flunixin meglumine, carprofen, meloxicam, ibuprofen, aspirin, and sildenafil. Studies on the effectiveness of certain steroid drugs on the PR have also been described. The results were not always consistent, and so comparisons between studies were made. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine seems to be an option, and can be recommended for improving ET results, especially in situations of high exposure or susceptibility to stress. Its administration under all circumstances, however, might be pointless and will not lead to the desired effect.

Taylor’s law of fluctuation scaling for semivariances and higher moments of heavy-tailed data

We generalize Taylor’s law for the variance of light-tailed distributions to many sample statistics of heavy-tailed distributions with tail index α in (0, 1), which have infinite mean. We show that, as the sample size increases, the sample upper and lower semivariances, the sample higher moments, the skewness, and the kurtosis of a random sample from such a law increase asymptotically in direct proportion to a power of the sample mean. Specifically, the lower sample semivariance asymptotically scales in proportion to the sample mean raised to the power 2, while the upper sample semivariance asymptotically scales in proportion to the sample mean raised to the power (2−α)/(1−α)>2. The local upper sample semivariance (counting only observations that exceed the sample mean) asymptotically scales in proportion to the sample mean raised to the power (2−α2)/(1−α). These and additional scaling laws characterize the asymptotic behavior of commonly used measures of the risk-adjusted performance of investments, such as the Sortino ratio, the Sharpe ratio, the Omega index, the upside potential ratio, and the Farinelli–Tibiletti ratio, when returns follow a heavy-tailed nonnegative distribution. Such power-law scaling relationships are known in ecology as Taylor’s law and in physics as fluctuation scaling. We find the asymptotic distribution and moments of the number of observations exceeding the sample mean. We propose estimators of α based on these scaling laws and the number of observations exceeding the sample mean and compare these estimators with some prior estimators of α.

Productivity, quality and efficiency of spring durum wheat cultivation when treating crops with a biological product

The production experiments were carried out based on the farm “Yaroslav the Wise” of the Starooskol district of the Belgorod region. The article studies the effect of the biological product Biogor KM during the pre-sowing treatment of grain in combination with double spraying of growing plants of spring durum wheat Dar Chernozemya 2. One of the experiments provides for grain processing with the period of “germination-ripening” of its wheat plants reduced by 8 days. The second variant, in addition to processing the grain, had two sprayings carried out during the growing season. The second experiment lasted even less by 12 days in comparison with the control variant. The article establishes the positive influence of the biological product on the formation of the productivity structure of spring durum wheat plants. Grain processing in combination with spraying during the growing season led to the formation of the best productivity structure: plant height was 39% higher, the number of spikelets was 41.8% higher, the number of spikelets was higher by 35.3%, and the grain weight per spike was 39.2%. versus the control variant. The yield in the experiment was in direct proportion to the method of application of the biological product and the conditions of the growing season. The largest increase in yield - 0.40 t / ha or 14.5% was obtained in the variant with grain processing in combination with double spraying of plants during the growing season, the average yield for the studied period was 3.14 t / ha and was maximum, indicators of economic and bioenergy efficiency was also the best.

Efficacy of Two Predatory Coccinellid Specie Feeding on Different Desities of Bemisia Tabaci (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) Nymphs in The Laboratory

Aseries of experiments were conducted laborators of biollogical control in the postgraduate laboratory at the Al-Mussaib Technical College, AL-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University-Iraq in 2020, The larval and adult phase of Hippodamia variegate and Coccinella Septempunctata.L were reard on different densities of Bemisia tabaci nymphs to reveae theis predation and the effect on this longevity too: The average number of predation whitefly nymphs per day from each age larvae and adults of the thirteen-spoted ladybird H. variegate and the seven- spoted ladybird C. Septempunctata. L was in direct proportion to the increase in the density of the whitefly nymphs supplied for it daily, The highest average of thirteen point ladybird larvae was (48.60) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly at the first larval phase. While the lowest rate of first-stage larvae was (6.40) at density (2) nymphs/whitefly for the same larval phase, while the highest average of fourth-stage larvae was (131.20) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly. While the lowest average of the fourth larvae phase was (39.20) at density (8) nymphs/whitefly, As for the seven- spoted ladybird, the highest average of first-phase larvae reached (53.80) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly, while the lowest average of first-phase larvae reached (5.40) at density (2) nymphs/whitefly for the same larval phase. While the highest average of fourth phase larvae was (160.40) at density (64) nymph/whitefly, while the lowest average of fourth phase larvae was (46.00) at density (4) nymph/whitefly. The number of whitefly nymphs preyed by the thirteen- spoted ladybird H. variegate is less than the number of whitefly nymphs preyed by the seven- spoted ladybird C. Septempunctata. L. The daily average of predation for male predation ladybirds understudy for whitefly nymphs is less than the daily average for females with significant differences.

A Kingdom of the Mind

One relatively distinct group in the British empire were the millions of Scots who extended their cultural networks in the various new worlds. From New Zealand to Australia and Canada, Scottish settlers used their books and reading as a means of replicating and promoting their own cultural values far from home. This chapter examines a number of pioneer communities settled by Scots, particularly members of the Free Church, established after the Disruption of 1848. Under the fiercely sectarian leadership of a number of prominent church ministers in Dunedin, Waipu, and elsewhere, institutional libraries were established that reflected the cultural and religious affiliations of home. Later in the nineteenth century, even in these enclaves of Scottishness these same communities became increasingly integrated into an overseas colonial identity. A key figure in this regard was the pastoralist, George Russell of Victoria. An important colonial representation of Scottishness in this stage of transition was articulated by Catherine Helen Spence in her novel Handfasted. By the twentieth century, almost in direct proportion to their distance from their national origins, colonial Scots remained faithful to a number of cultural practices, not least of which was the keen promotion of literary works by their countrymen and women.

Relation between different grades of pterygium and amount of induced corneal astigmatism

Background: Pterygium is more prevalent among people exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. It occurs more often in people who live in warm climates and spend a lot of time outdoors in sunny or windy environments. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine and the relation of different grade of pterygium with amount of induced corneal astigmatism. Methodology: This was observational study done in LRBT hospital Multan road LHR. A self-designed Performa was filled after clinically examining the patients. Frequency distribution/percentages of data were described, simple frequency tables and cross tables were formed to calculate the statistical results. Results: A total patients 50 with grades of pterygium and induce amount of astigmatism. There 31(62.0%) were male and 19(38.0%) were female and the mean age of the patient is 2.5. 21(42.0%) patients were grade 1 pterygium and 21(42.0%) patients were grade 2 and 8(16.0%) patents have grade 3 pterygium. The amount of astigmatism in grade 1 from 0.00 to 1.00 DC is 17(34.0%) patients, from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients and from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 2 (4.0%). In grade 2 from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 10(20.0%) patients, from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 10(20.0%) patients and from greater than 4.00 DC 1(2.0%). In grade 3 from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients, from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 4(8.0%) patients and from greater than 4.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients. Conclusion(s): Result show that the present study verifies that as the pterygium reaches more than 1.00mm in size from the limbus it induce with the rule astigmatism and pterygium size increases, the amount of induced astigmatism also increases with direct proportion.

Importance (a Mechanism) of Constitutionally Stipulated Basic Human Rights and Personal Data Protection in Enforcement Proceeding Process

In a modern juridical state, the presence of a flexible and effective executive system has special importance, as not only the juridical act’s smooth functioning but also the country’s economic development and population’s social state is in direct proportion to the effectiveness of the mentioned system. Executive law term is often defined in doctrine as a law of constraint, power, as “enforcement” itself means using force and involvement in a person's rights (by executive party and/or 3rd party) such as ownership, freedom, inviolability of personal life, etc. Therefore, particular significance is given to protection of party interests and their basic rights during executive proceedings to avoid unallowable and disproportional involvement in human rights. Precisely the mentioned matters condition the topicality of the article. Besides this, in a world full of challenges and threats, it is most important to defend personal data in any process to avoid its usage for unnecessary aims. In the enforcement process, out of proceeding means personal data is certainly processed. As in any law field, in the executive law proportionality principle has the vastest load, so protection of this principle in the mentioned process is significant. In the article, faults connected to human rights protection mechanisms in doctrine and enforcement process, and authorial ways of resolving them are presented.

Day Fines

The day fine concept consists in imposing fines in such a structured way that the final amount of the fine is directly proportionate to offenders’ means and to the offense’s seriousness. This is achieved by multiplication of two quantities: the amount of one day fine and the number of day fines. The amount of one day fine is set in proportion to offenders’ means, while the number of day fines reflects the offense’s seriousness. In some—especially Anglophone—countries the day fine is called either a structured fine, as there is a clear structure of how the fine is calculated, or a unit fine, as offenders’ means serve as a basis for calculating one day fine unit. The systematic way of assessing offenders’ means is what differentiates day fines from fixed fines: by setting only the final amount, fixed fines might be proportional to offenders’ means, yet such a relationship is unclear, unverifiable, and likely inconsistent across sentencers. There are several rationales for making explicit the relationship between offenders’ means and a fine. Consequentionalists (utilitarians) support day fines because they are supposed to similarly deter offenders of different wealth. Those less concerned with utilitarian theories support day fines because they better communicate the appropriate amount of censure via hard treatment to offenders than fixed fines. Day fines further limit their unequal impact on disadvantaged groups upon default: if a fine is set in proportion to offenders’ means, the ratio of poor offenders defaulting and serving a prison sentence is likely to decrease when compared with not setting a fine in direct proportion to offenders’ means. Sentencing scholarship would prefer day fines over fixed fines as they are an expression of principled sentencing and they likely limit disparities in assessing offenders’ means. Day fines are used especially in Continental Europe and in Latin America. Even though the Anglophone world often strove to introduce day fines, and sometimes succeeded, the day fine concept was never widely accepted in the common-law systems. The large amount of scholarship published in English thus retells Continental experiences; suggests ways of implementing day fines, especially in the United States, where they are neglected compared with Continental Europe; or discusses the pilot projects in Anglophone countries. Readers should be warned, however, that there is still little research on how day fines function in practice, and even on fines in general, even though they the most popular sanction.

Differences in the mechanisms of therapeutic action of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of various joints

The paper presents the results of the application of the plasmolifting technique in the treatment of various types of musculoskeletal pathology and analyzes the possible mechanisms of the positive therapeutic effect of this technique. It is suggested that its success is in direct proportion to the composition of the tissues that make up a particular articular formation. It is supposed that the conditions for the positive therapeutic effect of the platelet auto-suspension technique include, first of all, the presence of a branched network of capillaries, which provides sufficient blood supply and, as a result, access to the sanitized tissue of granulocytic cells. The second condition is the presence of connective tissue formations containing basophils and mast cells, which, together with the endothelium of the above capillaries, secrete a sufficient amount of cytokines that trigger the therapeutic effect of this manipulation. A number of recommendations were made to increase the sanitizing effect of the plasmolifting technique on a specific joint formation.