Experimental life cycle of Protostrongylus boughtoni (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea), a lung worm of snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Kralka ◽  
W. M. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Lepus Americanus ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
Protostrongylus Boughtoni

The life cycle of the lungworm Protostrongylus boughtoni Goble and Dougherty, 1943 was completed in intermediate and definitive hosts. Larvae developed to the infective third-stage in the foot of the snail Vallonia pulchella (Miiller, 1774) in 28–30 days at 18 °C. First-, second-, third-, and fourth-stage larvae are described. Patent infections developed in laboratory-reared snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus americanus, each given 50 third-stage P. boughtoni larvae per os 25 to 27 days postexposure. Periods of patency ranged from 41 to 104 days. Patent infections developed in domestic rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Dutch Belted strain, given 50 or 150 larvae in 25 to 26 days postexposure, but periods of patency ranged from 7 to 13 days and larval output was very low.

Parasites of Ancylostomia stercorea (Zell.), (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) a Pod Borer attacking Pigeon Pea in Trinidad

1960 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Maruca Testulalis ◽  
Ephestia Cautella ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Shipping Container ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Rearing Techniques

In Trinidad, the only serious pod borer attacking pigeon peas is Ancylostomia stercorea (Zell.). This species breeds throughout the year. The eggs are laid on the young pods and the larvae feed on the developing seeds and later pupate in the soil. The complete life-cycle requires 26–32 days.Eight species of parasites were reared from the larvae of Ancylostomia. Life-history studies and rearing techniques for the six commonest species are presented.Apantelcs etiellae isolatus Mues. is a solitary endoparasite attacking first- to third-stage host larvae. It emerges from the fourth-stage host and constructs a white cocoon in the pod. The life-cycle takes 14–18 days.Phanerotoma bennetti Mues. is a solitary egg-larval parasite. The egg is laid in that of the host, but the parasite does not complete development until the host has reached the final larval stage and constructed a cocoon. A generation is completed in 20 to 28 days. A method of breeding this species on Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) is described.Eiphosoma annulatum Cress, is a solitary endoparasite attacking first- to fourth-stage hosts. The parasites emerge from fifth-stage hosts which may be stunted in size but construct normal cocoons. The life-cycle is completed in 26–35 days.Bracon thurberiphagae (Mues.) and Bracon cajani Mues. are gregarious ectoparasites of similar habit. They paralyse second- to fifth-stage larvae and deposit eggs on or near them. The life-cycle is completed in 13 to 16 days. A method of rearing field-collected immature stages is described.Perisierola sp. is a gregarious ectoparasite. The adult enters the pod, paralyses a host, and attaches her eggs directly on to the caterpillar. Second- to fifth-stage hosts may be attacked but the larger hosts are preferred. The female frequently remains with her progeny until they have completed their development, which requires 11 to 15-days.Hyperparasites attacking the parasite pupae are listed.Details of a shipping container and methods of rearing and shipping parasites to Mauritius for trial against Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) and Maruca testulalis (Geyer) are described. From a stock of more than 44,000 cocoons so sent two species, Bracon cajani and Eiphosoma annulatum, have been successfully established in Mauritius.

The life-cycle of the flatfish nematode Cucullanus heterochrous

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Køie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractMature specimens of Cucullanus heterochrous Rudolphi, 1802 (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) were obtained from the intestine of the flounder, Platichthys flesus, from Danish waters. Eggs embryonate in seawater but do not hatch. Fully developed larvae pressed out of eggs are 430 μm long with amphids and dereids and enclosed within the cuticle of a previous larval stage. Infective larvae are believed to be in their third stage. Experimental studies showed that the polychaetes, Nereis spp., Scoloplos armiger, Brada villosa and Capitella sp., may act as intermediate hosts. In N. diversicolor the larvae increase their length to 1 mm within four weeks (15°C) without moulting. Experimental infections showed that larvated eggs are not infective to fish, whereas >550 μm long larvae from polychaetes survived in 4–24 cm long flounders and plaice, Pleuronectes platessa. Third-stage larvae 550 μm to 1.1 mm long were found in the submucosa of the intestine one week post infection. At a length of about 800 μm to 1.4 mm they moult to fourth-stage larvae. Fourth-stage larvae, immature and mature worms occur in the intestine and rectum. Fourth-stage larvae and adults survived experimental transfer from one flounder to another. Similar developmental stages survived for two weeks in the intestine of experimentally infected cod, Gadus morhua.

Life cycle and seasonal dynamics of Cucullanus cirratus O.F. Müller, 1777 (Nematoda, Ascaridida, Seuratoidea, Cucullanidae) in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Køie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Pyloric Caeca ◽  
The Third ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Third Stage

Mature specimens of Cucullanus cirratus O.F. Müller, 1777 (Cucullanidae) were obtained from the pyloric caeca and intestine of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., from Danish waters. Eggs embryonate in seawater. Third-stage larvae about 400 µm long, with amphids and dereids, hatch from the egg. Experimental studies indicated that third-stage larvae were infective to calanoid and cyclopoid copepods and sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus (Pisces, Gobiidae). Larvae entered the haemocoel of copepods but did not grow. In gobies, the third-stage larvae entered the intestinal mucosa and grew to 800 µm in length within 6 months. They were not encapsulated. Experimental infections of cod (8-30 cm long) showed that free-living third-stage larvae are not infective, whereas >700 µm long third-stage larvae from gobies survived in the cod. Third-stage larvae 700-1200 µm long occur in the stomach mucosa, where they develop and moult to fourth-stage larvae. The fourth-stage larvae then migrate to the pyloric caeca and anterior part of the intestine, where they moult and develop to the mature adult stage. No developmental stage became encapsulated. Naturally infected cod (>20 cm total length) harboured moulting third-stage larvae and <2 mm long fourth-stage larvae 2 months post capture. Naturally infected 4- to 5-month-old codlings (8-10 cm total length) harboured 2-3 mm long fourth-stage larvae only, indicating that they acquired the third-stage larvae as planktivorous fry only a few centimetres long. Cucullanus cirratus may have a life-cycle that involves copepod transport hosts and fish (gobies or cod fry) intermediate hosts. Postcyclic development occurs in gadoids when an infected cod is consumed by another cod (cannibalism). Examinations of 350 (8-78 cm total length) naturally infected cod showed that group 1 and older cod are infected throughout the year, with maximum prevalence of third-stage larvae in spring and summer. The greatest prevalence of gravid worms was observed in autumn.

Attempts to find a laboratory host for Parelaphostrongylus andersoni and Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Pybus ◽  
W. M. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Host Response ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Pleural Cavity ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Local Host ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
Usual Site

Twenty guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and eight domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were each exposed to 100 or 200 third-stage larvae of Parelaphostrongylus andersoni or Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei. A few larvae penetrated the stomach and caecal walls and were found in the mesentery, liver, and diaphragm. However, most were recovered from the lungs and pleurae of the pleural cavity. Larvae did not appear to grow or develop and they did not reach the skeletal muscles, the usual site of adult P. andersoni and P. odocoilei in deer. All larvae in tissues were encapsulated (after 36 days) and overcome (after 59 days) by a local host response. Larvae appeared to migrate via the circulatory system and by direct penetration of tissues and organs. Patent infections were not found in three domestic goats (Capra hircus) up to 101 days after exposure to 300 or 1000 third-stage larvae of P. odocoilei.

Taenia macrocystis (Diesing, 1850), its occurrence in Eastern Canada and Maine, U.S.A., and its life cycle in wild felines (Lynx rufus and L. canadensis) and hares (Lepus americanus)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl C. Bursey ◽  
Michael D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Lepus Americanus ◽  
Lynx Rufus ◽  
Lynx Lynx ◽  
Lynx Canadensis ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Snowshoe Hares

Examination of 129 bobcats (Lynx rufus) from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Maine and 14 lynx (Lynx canadensis) from Newfoundland revealed the presence of adult Taenia macrocystis (Diesing 1850) in 86% of the bobcats and in all the lynx. Concurrent examination of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) showed that a high proportion of adult hares were infected with cestode larvae of the strobilocercus type. Scolices of these larvae were identical with scolices of T. macrocystis adults recovered from wild cats.Experimental infection of domestic cats with fresh larvae from hares yielded adult taeniids, within 42 days, which were identical with the adult T. macrocystis found in wild cats.Experimental infection of laboratory-reared snowshoe hares with eggs of these cestodes produced fully developed, infective strobilocercus larvae within 14 weeks, thus establishing that Lepus americanus acts as an intermediate host in the life cycle of T. macrocystis in northeastern North America.

scholarly journals Is There Daily Growth Hysteresis versus Vapor Pressure Deficit in Cherry Fruit?

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Matteo Zucchini ◽  
Arash Khosravi ◽  
Veronica Giorgi ◽  
Adriano Mancini ◽  
Davide Neri
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Hysteresis Curve ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Rainy Days ◽  
Clockwise Hysteresis

The growth of cherry fruit is generally described using a double sigmoid model, divided into four growth stages. Abiotic factors are considered to be significant components in modifying fruit growth, and among these, the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is deemed the most effective. In this study, we investigated sweet cherry fruit growth through the continuous, hourly monitoring of fruit transversal diameter over two consecutive years (2019 and 2020), from the beginning of the third stage to maturation (forth stage). Extensometers were used in the field and VPD was calculated from weather data. The fruit growth pattern up to the end of the third stage demonstrated three critical steps during non-rainy days: shrinkage, stabilization and expansion. In the third stage of fruit growth, a partial clockwise hysteresis curve of circadian growth, as a response to VPD, appeared on random days. The pattern of fruit growth during rainy days was not distinctive, but the amount and duration of rain caused a consequent decrease in the VPD and indirectly boosted fruit growth. At the beginning of the fourth stage, the circadian growth changed and the daily transversal diameter vs VPD formed fully clockwise hysteresis curves for most of this stage. Our findings indicate that hysteresis can be employed to evaluate the initial phenological phase of fruit maturation, as a fully clockwise hysteresis curve was observable only in the fourth stage of fruit growth. There are additional opportunities for its use in the management of fruit production, such as in precision fruit farming.

Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Infective Larva ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cutaneous Blood ◽  
Fourth Stage Larva

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.

scholarly journals Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematode: Metastrongiloidea): In Vitro Cultivation of Infective Third-Stage Larvae to Fourth-Stage Larvae

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e72084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Jyh Lin ◽  
Jie-Wen He ◽  
Li-Yu Chung ◽  
June-Der Lee ◽  
Jiun-Jye Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Third Stage

Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Assessment of Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) Leaf Extracts Against Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
J.H. Buduwara ◽  
T. Adiel ◽  
R. Sami ◽  
M.L. Tafem
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract ◽  
Jatropha Gossypiifolia

The development of resistance by Culex mosquitoes to synthetic insecticides has necessitated the continued search for alternative ones from plants. This study screened the preliminary qualitative phytochemicals and assessed the larvicidal efficacy of extracts of J. gossypiifolia leaf against third and fourth stage Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The J. gossypiifolia was screened for the presence of phytochemicals using standard methods. After twenty-four (24) hours post exposure of both third and fourth stage C. quinquefasciatus larvae against different concentrations, (2.0mg/ml, 4.0mg/ml, 6.0mg/ml, 8.0mg/ml and 10 mg/ml) of various extracts. It showed that larval mortality increases significantly (p<0.05) with increase in extracts concentration. Acetone leaf extract showed highest mortality at 10mg/ml with 85% third stage Culex larvae mortality, followed by ethanolic leaf extract. However, least mortality was observed in n-Hexane leaf extract with 15% larval mortality against fourth stage Culex larvae. Low LC and LC values (3.715mg/ml and 12.490mg/ml) were noticed in 50 90 acetone leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia. The study observed that the highest LC and LC values (9.104mg/ml and 50 90 22.877mg/ml) were noticed in hexane leaf extracts. Conclusively, acetone leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia can be harnessed to control Culex larvae. However, there is a need to ascertain the quantities of bioactive components of J. gossypiifolia and its toxicity to non-target organisms. Keywords: Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phytochemicals, Culex larvae

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