Excystation of Isospora brachyrhynchi Cawthorn and Wobeser, 1985 in vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2646-2648 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. G. Stockdale ◽  
Anne Sheard ◽  
R. J. Cawthorn
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salts ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Sodium Glycocholate ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Sodium Taurodeoxycholate

Oocysts of Isospora brachyrhynchi Cawthorn and Wobeser, 1985 were recovered from feces of experimentally infected juvenile crows (Corvus brachyrhynchus) and stored for up to 12 months in a 2.5% (w/v) solution of potassium dichromate at 4 °C. Sporocysts were released from the oocysts by grinding in a homogenizer. Various bile salts, taurocholic acid, pooled chicken bile, sodium glycocholate, and sodium taurodeoxycholate were used in conjunction with trypsin as media to excyst sporozoites of I. brachyrhynchi. These media were tested at different temperatures and on oocysts stored for varying lengths of time. The most effective excystation (94%) was seen in oocysts that had been stored for 1 month and were incubated with 5.0% sodium taurodeoxycholate and 0.25% trypsin at 41 °C for 60 min. Varying degrees of excystation were observed using different bile salts at different temperatures on oocysts stored for up to 12 months.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature, CO2 and O2 on motility and mobility of Anisakidae larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiyan Guan ◽  
Inge Van Damme ◽  
Frank Devlieghere ◽  
Sarah Gabriël
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Zoonotic Parasites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

AbstractAnisakidae, marine nematodes, are underrecognized fish-borne zoonotic parasites. Studies on factors that could trigger parasites to actively migrate out of the fish are very limited. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different environmental conditions (temperature, CO2 and O2) on larval motility (in situ movement) and mobility (migration) in vitro. Larvae were collected by candling or enzymatic digestion from infected fish, identified morphologically and confirmed molecularly. Individual larvae were transferred to a semi-solid Phosphate Buffered Saline agar, and subjected to different temperatures (6 ℃, 12 ℃, 22 ℃, 37 ℃) at air conditions. Moreover, different combinations of CO2 and O2 with N2 as filler were tested, at both 6 °C and 12 °C. Video recordings of larvae were translated into scores for larval motility and mobility. Results showed that temperature had significant influence on larval movements, with the highest motility and mobility observed at 22 ℃ for Anisakis spp. larvae and 37 ℃ for Pseudoterranova spp. larvae. During the first 10 min, the median migration of Anisakis spp. larvae was 10 cm at 22 ℃, and the median migration of Pseudoterranova spp. larvae was 3 cm at 37 ℃. Larval mobility was not significantly different under the different CO2 or O2 conditions at 6 °C and 12 ℃. It was concluded that temperature significantly facilitated larval movement with the optimum temperature being different for Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp., while CO2 and O2 did not on the short term. This should be further validated in parasite-infected/spiked fish fillets.

scholarly journals In Vitro Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH) Activity Screening of Different Probiotic Microorganisms

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 674
Author(s):  
Jimmy G. Hernández-Gómez ◽  
Argelia López-Bonilla ◽  
Gabriela Trejo-Tapia ◽  
Sandra V. Ávila-Reyes ◽  
Antonio R. Jiménez-Aparicio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Saccharomyces Boulardii ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Sodium Glycocholate ◽  
Probiotic Yeast ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Bsh Activity

Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity in probiotic strains is usually correlated with the ability to lower serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic patients. The objective of this study was the evaluation of BSH in five probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and a probiotic yeast. The activity was assessed using a qualitative direct plate test and a quantitative high-performance thin- layer chromatography assay. The six strains differed in their BSH substrate preference and activity. Lactobacillus plantarum DGIA1, a potentially probiotic strain isolated from a double cream cheese from Chiapas, Mexico, showed excellent deconjugation activities in the four tested bile acids (69, 100, 81, and 92% for sodium glycocholate, glycodeoxycholate, taurocholate, and taurodeoxycholate, respectively). In the case of the commercial probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii, the deconjugation activities were good against sodium glycodeoxycholate, taurocholate, and taurodeoxycholate (100, 57, and 63%, respectively). These last two results are part of the novelty of the work. A weak deconjugative activity (5%) was observed in the case of sodium glycocholate. This is the first time that the BSH activity has been detected in this yeast.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Nutritional Value, Techno-Functional, and In Vitro Physiological Properties of Six Edible Insects

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Yolanda Aguilera ◽  
Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz ◽  
Irene Pastrana ◽  
Vanesa Benitez ◽  
Gerardo Alvarez-Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydration Properties ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Glucose Diffusion ◽  
Foaming Capacity

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition, techno-functional, and in vitro physiological properties of flours from six different insect species (mealworm, beetle, caterpillar, ant, locust, and cricket). The chemical composition of insects was evaluated following the standard methods (AOAC). Bulk density, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, water absorption capacity, swelling capacity, emulsifying activity, foaming capacity, and gelation capacity were measured. In vitro antioxidant capacity was measured by the direct ABTS method. Hypoglycemic (glucose adsorption and the inhibition of α-amylase, glucose diffusion, and starch hydrolysis) and hypolipidemic (cholesterol and bile salts binding and lipase inhibition capacities) were investigated using in vitro methods. Insect flours exhibited a high content of protein (39.4%–58.1%) and fat (17.7%–50.1%) as main components, although the presence of chitin in ant samples was also highlighted. The techno-functional properties showed high oil holding, swelling, and emulsifying capacities in all insect flours analyzed, besides bulk density, hydration properties, and foaming capacity showing average values and no gelation capacity. Insects showed high antioxidant capacity (179–221 mg Trolox equivalents/g). Moreover, these edible insect flours revealed effective hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic properties. Insect flours inhibited α-amylase activity (47.1%–98.0%) and retarded glucose diffusion (17.2%–29.6%) and starch hydrolysis (18.2%–88.1%). Likewise, they bound cholesterol and bile salts (8.4%–98.6%) and inhibited lipase activity (8.9%–47.1%). Hence, these insect flours might be of great interest to the food industry, being a healthy source of protein, exerting a positive impact on functional food properties, and potentially preventing the development of diseases associated with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

scholarly journals Hepatitis D Virus Entry Inhibitors Based on Repurposing Intestinal Bile Acid Reabsorption Inhibitors

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Michael Kirstgen ◽  
Kira Alessandra Alicia Theresa Lowjaga ◽  
Simon Franz Müller ◽  
Nora Goldmann ◽  
Felix Lehmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Entry Inhibitors ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Bile Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Transporter

Identification of Na+/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as high-affinity hepatic entry receptor for the Hepatitis B and D viruses (HBV/HDV) opened the field for target-based development of cell-entry inhibitors. However, most of the HBV/HDV entry inhibitors identified so far also interfere with the physiological bile acid transporter function of NTCP. The present study aimed to identify more virus-selective inhibitors of NTCP by screening of 87 propanolamine derivatives from the former development of intestinal bile acid reabsorption inhibitors (BARIs), which interact with the NTCP-homologous intestinal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). In NTCP-HEK293 cells, the ability of these compounds to block the HBV/HDV-derived preS1-peptide binding to NTCP (virus receptor function) as well as the taurocholic acid transport via NTCP (bile acid transporter function) were analyzed in parallel. Hits were subsequently validated by performing in vitro HDV infection experiments in NTCP-HepG2 cells. The most potent compounds S985852, A000295231, and S973509 showed in vitro anti-HDV activities with IC50 values of 15, 40, and 70 µM, respectively, while the taurocholic acid uptake inhibition occurred at much higher IC50 values of 24, 780, and 490 µM, respectively. In conclusion, repurposing of compounds from the BARI class as novel HBV/HDV entry inhibitors seems possible and even enables certain virus selectivity based on structure-activity relationships.

The characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented food as potential probiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-749
Author(s):  
Victoria Yulita Fitriani ◽  
Budi Suprapti ◽  
Muhammad Amin
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk

Abstract Objectives This study aims to determine the characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri from fermented soursop fruit juice and cow’s milk, respectively as probiotic candidate based on exposure to pH, bile salts, pathogenic bacteria, and antibiotics. Methods In vitro studies were conducted to examine the resistance of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri in pH 2, 2.5, 3.2, and 7.2, resistance to bile salts, resistance to pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and antituberculosis antibiotics. Results Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri isolates remained unchanged (6.3 × 107 CFU/mL and 5.03 × 107 CFU/mL) at various acidic pH, and had a low survival rate in Ox gall 0.3% (bile salts). These isolates also showed antibacterial properties against pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract. Both of these bacteria are quite safe to be used together with ofloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin, antibiotic for tuberculosis therapy. Conclusions The results showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri from fermented soursop fruit juice and cow’s milk respectively fulfilled the characteristics of probiotic and could potentially be used as adjunct therapy in tuberculosis drug-resistance.

scholarly journals Studies on the interactions between bile salts and food emulsifiers under in vitro duodenal digestion conditions to evaluate their bile salt binding potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julieta N. Naso ◽  
Fernando A. Bellesi ◽  
Víctor M. Pizones Ruiz-Henestrosa ◽  
Ana M.R. Pilosof
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Food Emulsifiers

In vitro absorption of bile salts by small intestine of rats and guinea pigs

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Lack ◽  
I. M. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Ileal Segment

The transport of taurocholic and glycocholic acids by the small intestine of rats and guinea pigs against a concentration gradient was studied by the everted gutsac technique. Transport of these substances is limited to the distal ileal segment. This transport is inhibited by anoxia, dinitrophenol and sodium azide. The system has a transport maximum. On the basis of these criteria bile acid reabsorption is considered to occur by active transport.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO METHODOLOGIES FOR INHIBITION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA BY POTENTIAL PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLUS SPS; AN EVIDENCE FOR PRODUCTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Prabhurajeshwar C. ◽  
Kelmani Chandrakanth R.
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salts ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Digestive Health

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Probiotic products consist of specific strains of live bacteria that have potentially favorable health effects. A number of studies provide evidence that milk products with probiotics may be beneficial for digestive health and may improve various digestive problems. The purpose of the present study was to investigate <em>Lactobacillus</em> species with potential activities isolated from different cheese samples of local market.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total 42 lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated, fourteen (14/42) best <em>Lactobacillus</em> isolates were selected by preliminary screening as potential probiotics with antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. All the fourteen <em>Lactobacillus</em> isolates were then characterized <em>in vitro</em> for their probiotic features and antimicrobial activities against pathogens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results noticed that all selected <em>Lactobacillus</em> isolates (CH3, CH4 and CH6) were screened and confirmed as <em>Lactobacillus. </em>The isolates were able to grow at different pH, NaCl and bile salts, also exhibited the best antimicrobial activities against pathogens. All the isolates were susceptible to antibiotics used and isolates were also revealed the noticeable aggregation and hydrophobicity studies.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Selected <em>Lactobacillus </em>isolates were considered as ideal, effective probiotic bacteria. Thus, they could be examined further and contribute to preventing and controlling several infections associated with intestine and for human health benefits.</p>

Effect of intestinal resection on bile salt absorption in dogs

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Playoust ◽  
Leon Lack ◽  
I. M. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Salt Absorption ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
Fat Meal

The efficiency of intestinal absorption of bile salts was evaluated by studying the rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the bile of dogs after the intravenous administration of sodium taurocholate-24-C14. Bile was sampled through an indwelling tube in the gall bladder. One day after a high-fat meal normal dogs retained 48% of the radioactivity; dogs with resection of the jejunum retained 48%, whereas those with resection of the ileum retained only 3% in the bile. This is consistent with previous observations that the ileum is the site of bile salt absorption in vitro and in anesthetized animals. Animals with resection of the ileum exhibited significant steatorrhea; however, three-fourths of the ingested fat was absorbed in spite of almost complete failure to absorb bile salts. This indicates that fat and bile salts are not normally absorbed together. Elimination of enterohepatic circulation of bile salts by resection of the ileum contributes to the observed steatorrhea.

scholarly journals Germinant Synergy FacilitatesClostridium difficileSpore Germination under Physiological Conditions

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis J. Kochan ◽  
Michelle S. Shoshiev ◽  
Jessica L. Hastie ◽  
Madeline J. Somers ◽  
Yael M. Plotnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Calcium Reabsorption

ABSTRACTClostridium difficileis a Gram-positive obligate anaerobe that forms spores in order to survive for long periods in the unfavorable environment outside a host.C. difficileis the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea worldwide.C. difficileinfection (CDI) arises after a patient treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics ingests infectious spores. The first step inC. difficilepathogenesis is the metabolic reactivation of dormant spores within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through a process known as germination. In this work, we aim to elucidate the specific conditions and the location within the GI tract that facilitate this process. Our data suggest thatC. difficilegermination occurs through a two-step biochemical process that is regulated by pH and bile salts, amino acids, and calcium present within the GI tract. Maximal germination occurs at a pH ranging from 6.5 to 8.5 in the terminal small intestine prior to bile salt and calcium reabsorption by the host. Germination can be initiated by lower concentrations of germinants when spores are incubated with a combination of bile salts, calcium, and amino acids, and this synergy is dependent on the availability of calcium. The synergy described here allows germination to proceed in the presence of inhibitory bile salts and at physiological concentrations of germinants, effectively decreasing the concentrations of nutrients required to initiate an essential step of pathogenesis.IMPORTANCEClostridium difficileis an anaerobic spore-forming human pathogen that is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea worldwide. Germination of infectious spores is the first step in the development of aC. difficileinfection (CDI) after ingestion and passage through the stomach. This study investigates the specific conditions that facilitateC. difficilespore germination, including the following: location within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pH, temperature, and germinant concentration. The germinants that have been identified in culture include combinations of bile salts and amino acids or bile salts and calcium, butin vitro, these function at concentrations that far exceed normal physiological ranges normally found in the mammalian GI tract. In this work, we describe and quantify a previously unreported synergy observed when bile salts, calcium, and amino acids are added together. These germinant cocktails improve germination efficiency by decreasing the required concentrations of germinants to physiologically relevant levels. Combinations of multiple germinant types are also able to overcome the effects of inhibitory bile salts. In addition, we propose that the acidic conditions within the GI tract regulateC. difficilespore germination and could provide a biological explanation for why patients taking proton pump inhibitors are associated with increased risk of developing a CDI.

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