Interaction of Apanteles fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia) parasitizing spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 2047-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Nealis ◽  
S. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Larval Female ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Larval Parasites

The relationship between a braconid parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae, and a microsporidian pathogen, Nosema fumiferanae, two larval parasites frequently coincident in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, was examined in the laboratory. When Apanteles was reared in spruce budworm infected with high levels of Nosema (i.e., more than 20 × 106 spores/mg dry weight), there was a slight reduction in the within-host rate of development of larval female Apanteles, but survival, within-cocoon rate of development, cocoon weight, and adult longevity were not affected. There was no evidence that any stage of Apanteles was infected with spores of Nosema. A few adult female parasitoids were found to carry spores of Nosema on their integuments but it is unlikely that Apanteles is an important vector of the microsporidian. We conclude that these natural enemies of budworm do not interact significantly in their common host. The implications for population dynamics of the spruce budworm and mass rearing of Apanteles are discussed.

3.5 SUPPRESSION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS BY TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY, 1982–1986

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (S153) ◽  
pp. 56-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Smith ◽  
D.R. Wallace ◽  
G. Howse ◽  
J. Meating
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Release Timing

AbstractThe ability of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Riley, to suppress outbreak populations of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was studied annually near Hearst, Ont., from 1982 through 1986. Timing of broadcast parasitoid-releases was linked to spruce budworm moth emergence and oviposition. These phenological relationships were predicted from a regression based on larval development at least 2 weeks before expected emergence; this allowed sufficient time to regulate (program) parasitoid emergence during mass-rearing. Emergence of caged spruce budworm adults was used to monitor moth eclosion in the field. Pheromone traps provided daily information on the activity of male moths and helped to synchronize the parasitoid releases with spruce budworm oviposition. Information on parasitoid activity was obtained from sentinel (laboratory-reared) and naturally occurring spruce budworm egg masses. A curvilinear relationship between the rate of parasitoid release and parasitism of sentinel egg masses was developed. Two parasitoid releases, 1 week apart, early in the oviposition period of spruce budworm, significantly increased parasitism of host eggs by 14–83% and reduced larval populations correspondingly from 42 to 82%. Single releases were less effective and increased parasitism by 0.3–52% (single ground release, 1986). Two parasitoid releases, combined with a spring application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to larval populations, was the most effective strategy and resulted in 83% egg parasitism and 93% larval reduction. Release rates greater than 12–16 × 106 ♀ ♀ T. minutum per hectare were not warranted based on impact and costs. The effects of release timing, weather, host density, and parasitoid quality on the future successful use of T. minutum are discussed.

THE EFFECT OF A MICROSPORIDIAN PARASITE ON THE DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION, AND MORTALITY OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Initial Dose ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
First Instar

Infection of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), by the microsporidian parasite Perezia fumiferanae Thorn, retards both larval and pupal development and reduces pupal weight, fecundity, and adult longevity. These effects are more pronounced among the female insects. There is no evidence that the parasite affects male fertility, mate choice, or the fertility of eggs produced. The parasite causes some mortality, most of which occurs before the fifth instar. Among larvae infected orally, mortality seems to be related to the size of the initial dose. Mortality occurs equally in both sexes. The development and survival of the first instar and overwintering second instar are not affected by the parasite. It is suggested that the parasite causes most of the observed results by reducing the insect's ability to assimilate its food. Mortality, however, is believed to be due to the destruction of the mid-gut or Malpighian tubules.

Effects of diapause duration on postdiapause performance of spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) during mass rearing on artificial diet

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen ◽  
Peter Ebling ◽  
John Dedes ◽  
Doug Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Neonate Larvae ◽  
Pupal Mass ◽  
Diapause Duration

AbstractThe spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), has an obligatory winter dormancy period that lasts up to 10 months in the field. In the Great Lakes Forestry Centre rearing facility, neonate larvae spin hibernacula in cheesecloth, which is then stored at 2 °C for between 20 and 30 weeks. Although dormancy survival and synchrony of postemergence development are highest when larvae are stored in the cold for 16–35 weeks, it is not known how cold-storage duration affects spruce budworm performance once diapause has been completed. We exposed approximately 9250 second-instar larvae (belonging to three rearing cohorts) to 2 °C for 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, or 37 weeks and monitored various postdiapause performance variables. Increasing cold storage from 16 to 25 weeks or more resulted in small (approximately 10%) increases in dormancy survival and larval development rates (from second instar to pupation), a larger (up to 23%) increase in pupal mass and realized fecundity (number of eggs laid per female), and an increase of at least 25% in late-instar survival (from fifth instar to pupation). The only variable that was negatively affected was the pupal survival, but the decrease was relatively small. Therefore, storing diapausing larvae for at least 25 weeks optimizes postdiapause performance variables that are important for mass-rearing efficiency.

SOME RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) TO BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MOENCH) VOSS

1957 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Adequate Food

Spruce budworm larvae feeding on black spruce had a lower rate of development and a higher rate of mortality than those feeding on white spruce or balsam fir. This was attributable to the lateness in opening of the black spruce buds rather than to the inferior nutritional quality of the foliage. When staminate flowers were present in abundance on black spruce trees, development and survival of the insect was fairly similar to that on the other two species of trees; the flowers provided adequate food at the time of the third and fourth instars thus permitting the larvae to survive until the opening of the shoot buds. The late opening of the black spruce buds explains the relative immunity of this species to severe spruce budworm damage.

FLIGHT DURATION OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA [CLEM.]) AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF FEMALE SPRUCE BUDWORM ARE UNAFFECTED BY MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTION OR MOTH SIZE

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders ◽  
G.G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Female Attractiveness ◽  
Microsporidian Infection ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractNo correlation was found between the size of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) moths and the duration of their flight in a sustained-flight wind tunnel. The numbers of male moths caught in traps baited with virgin female spruce budworm moths increased as the size of the females increased, but the relationship was significant in only one of eight experiments. Infection with the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) resulted in smaller insects, but there were no significant relationships between the incidence of infection and male flight duration or female attractiveness.

The effects of feeding microsporidian (Nosema fumiferanae) spores to naturally infected spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Pupal Mortality

Infection of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, in nature by Nosema fumiferanae has an adverse effect on the host. Larval and pupal mortality are increased, while female pupal weights, adult longevity, and fecundity are significantly reduced by feeding additional microsporidian spores to naturally infected spruce budworm.

Detrimental effects of feeding Pleistophora schubergi (Microsporida) to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) naturally infected with Nosema fumiferanae

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Adult Longevity

Spores of the microsporidian Pleistophora schubergi Zwölfer were fed to spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), naturally infected with Nosema fumiferanae (Thorn.). Larval mortality increased while female pupal weights, adult longevity, and fecundity were significantly reduced by feeding P. schubergi spores. High spore concentrations (5 × 108 spores) and inoculation as second-instar larvae produced the most detrimental effects.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, CLEM.) TO THE FLOWERING CONDITION OF BALSAM FIR (ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) MILL.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Populations of the spruce budworm were studied on flowering and nonflowering balsam fir trees. Generally more eggs were found on the flowering trees. The flowering balsam fir trees were found to harbor higher populations in the early larval stages owing to the presence on these trees of staminate flowers and flower cups. The behavior of the larvae in relation to staminate flowers and flower cups was studied in both the field and the laboratory. Larvae that fed partially on pollen developed more rapidly than larvae that fed exclusively on foliage. Pollen as a food did not appear to have any direct effect on survival or fecundity. Other experiments showed that mortality was higher, development retarded, and fecundity reduced in insects forced to feed on old foliage in contrast with those fed on the current year's growth. Defoliation was more severe on flowering trees in the earlier stages of the infestation. However, as populations increased, wandering increased owing to competition for food. This resulted in an overflow of larvae from flowering to nonflowering trees.

RECOVERY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM EXUVIAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Insect Cuticle ◽  
Pupal Exuviae ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Cuticular Proteins

AbstractA number of ketocatechols have been isolated and identified from acid hydrolysates of larval and pupal exuviae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. The most abundant of these, 2-hydroxy-3′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone, represented 5.8% of the dry weight of pupal exuviae, 4.6% of larval head capsules, and 0.3% of the remaining larval exuvium. This compound is thought to be the primary breakdown product arising from crosslinks between cuticular proteins and the aliphatic sidechain of a phenolic tanning compound. The yields therefore reflect the extent of β-sclerotization, one of two mechanisms proposed for the hardening of insect cuticle. Budworm is similar to other species with respect to the types of hydrolysis products recovered although three previously undescribed compounds were detected.

scholarly journals Wood moisture content variation in white spruce defoliated by spruce budworm

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Ip ◽  
Irene L. Pines ◽  
A. Richard Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Wood Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Large Trees

Mature and over mature white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] repeatedly defoliated by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) in eastern Manitoba, were investigated for variation in moisture content (MC) which is known to influence pulping quality. In the fall of 1991, 100 trees in the Abitibi-Price Inc. Forest Management Licence area were selected randomly in two size classes and four defoliation classes. Heartwood and sapwood MC (% dry weight) was measured in 5-cm thick disks cut at 2.5 to 5.0 m intervals for small and large trees, respectively. Living trees with more sapwood than heartwood had a mean MC of 117%, and those with more heartwood than sapwood had a mean MC of 77%. Both of these groups contained sufficient overall moisture (> 45%) for pulping. The repeated defoliation did not affect the overall MC in live trees. Mean MC of trees killed by spruce budworm defoliation was 42% but this level varied with diameter and height above ground: > 45% in stems greater than 36 cm diameter inside bark, 30–60% in sections 17–36 cm, and < 45% in sections less than 17 cm. A minimum DBH of 30 cm is suggested as a criterion for accepting dead trees. Key words: insect defoliation impact, wood moisture content, sapwood, heartwood, dead tree fibre, Manitoba

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