SOME RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) TO BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MOENCH) VOSS

1957 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Adequate Food

Spruce budworm larvae feeding on black spruce had a lower rate of development and a higher rate of mortality than those feeding on white spruce or balsam fir. This was attributable to the lateness in opening of the black spruce buds rather than to the inferior nutritional quality of the foliage. When staminate flowers were present in abundance on black spruce trees, development and survival of the insect was fairly similar to that on the other two species of trees; the flowers provided adequate food at the time of the third and fourth instars thus permitting the larvae to survive until the opening of the shoot buds. The late opening of the black spruce buds explains the relative immunity of this species to severe spruce budworm damage.

Carry-over effect of host nutritional quality on performance of spruce budworm progeny

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fuentealba ◽  
É. Bauce
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Laboratory Rearing

AbstractThe effect of host nutritional quality on spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) parental and offspring performance was studied using field and laboratory rearing experiments, and foliar chemical analyses. Foliage of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and black spruce (P. mariana (Mill.) BSP) was used to rear the parental generation in the field, whereas an artificial diet was used to rear the progeny under laboratory conditions. Important differences in the food quality were provided by the three hosts. Black spruce foliage had higher concentrations of certain monoterpene deterrents and total phenolics, together with stronger seasonal declines in nutrients such as N, P and Mg, compared with the other hosts. We hypothesise that this trend may be related to poor performance and survival of the progeny. Laboratory rearing showed that progeny of parents that fed on black spruce exhibited longer developmental times and greater mortality, and had lower pupal mass than progeny of parents fed on the other hosts. Further, artificial food-fed progeny of insects reared on black spruce reached sixth-instar later, with lower mass, and exhibited higher relative growth rate (RGR) than progeny of parents fed on the other hosts. These results suggest nutritionally-based parental effects. These results also confirmed that the quality of food consumed by the parents can influence the fitness of the next generation.

scholarly journals Natural root grafting in Picea mariana to cope with spruce budworm outbreaks

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto L. Salomón ◽  
Emilie Tarroux ◽  
Annie DesRochers
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Root Grafting ◽  
Root Grafts

Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks cause extensive mortality and growth reductions throughout boreal forests in eastern North America. As tree vulnerability to defoliation remains partially unexplained by tree and stand attributes, we hypothesized that root grafting might attenuate the negative impact of severe defoliation in tree growth. Two experimental sites in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) were harvested and hydraulically excavated to study tree growth in 36 trees in relation to root grafting and the last spruce budworm outbreak using dendroecological methods. Root grafts reduced the negative effects of defoliation by maintaining stable growth in connected trees during epidemic periods. Among dominant trees, growth releases immediately after the outbreak were uniquely observed in grafted trees. Among suppressed trees, grafted trees tended to grow more than non-grafted trees when defoliation severity was the highest. Carbohydrate transfers through root grafts and enhanced efficiency to acquire resources may explain the better performance of grafted trees under scenarios of limited carbon supply. This study reinforces the growing body of literature that suggests root grafting as a cooperative strategy to withstand severe disturbances and highlights the key role of root grafting in stand dynamics to cope with periodic outbreaks.

Comparison of black spruce (Picea mariana) radial growth reduction in different soil moisture regimes during a spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreak

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1410-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa E. Lacey ◽  
Jeffery P. Dech
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
Moisture Regimes

The objective of this study was to determine if the stand‐level soil moisture regime had a significant effect on the reduction in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) radial growth during the most recent spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreak in the boreal forest region of northeastern Ontario. We collected a stratified random sample of co-dominant black spruce trees from three moisture regimes and compared the reduction of radial growth during a spruce budworm outbreak between dry, moist, and wet stands. We focused on the most recent outbreak from 1975–1987, which we dated by dendrochronological analysis of black spruce increment cores from the Romeo Malette Forest near Timmins, Ontario. Samples collected from dry and moist sites showed significantly greater maximum radial growth reduction than those from wet sites. Mean growth reduction over the entire outbreak was not significantly different among moisture regimes but followed the same trend. We found no evidence of spatial autocorrelation in the growth reduction response, suggesting that the moisture effect was not confounded by location.

Timing of growth reductions in black spruce stem and branches during the 1970s spruce budworm outbreak1This article is one of a selection of papers from the 7th International Conference on Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forests.

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1220-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Krause ◽  
Boris Luszczynski ◽  
Hubert Morin ◽  
Sergio Rossi ◽  
Pierre-Y. Plourde
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Lower Stem ◽  
Selection Of

Spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) defoliation is known to regularly produce radial growth decrease in black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) in the boreal forest of Quebec. Some studies have already shown that the first year of defoliation does not induce growth losses in the stem but could occur in other tree parts. We therefore examined the timing and duration of the growth reduction caused by the last outbreak in black spruce by also considering the branches. More than 79% of branches and 65% of stems exhibited a >40% growth decrease.The reduction was first registered in the upper part of the stem before being detected lower in the stem in 87% of the trees. Probabilities of growth reduction in the upper part of the stem were highest in 1976 and 1977. In the lower stem, the probabilities were highest in 1978. An interesting finding was that in 69% of the studied stands, the probability of growth reduction started earlier (1–2 years) in the branches than in the stem at 1.3 m. Branch analysis should be considered whenever questions arise in regard to the evolution of spruce budworm defoliation as well as the timing of observed growth reduction in black spruce.

scholarly journals Juvenile growth of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) stands established during endemic and epidemic attacks by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens]) in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Krause ◽  
Hubert Morin ◽  
Pierre-Y. Plourde
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Naturally Regenerated Stands

In the boreal forest of Quebec, 80% of harvested black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) stands regenerate naturally. In the remaining 20%, forest regeneration is ensured by planting seedlings and these plantations are expected to increase future forest yields. However, predictions of future yields using the information from very young plantations in this ecosystem may have low accuracy. To compare juvenile growth in plantations versus naturally regenerated stands, and also to evaluate the impacts of spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) defoliation periods during the juvenile phase, annual height and volume growth were calculated from measurements on nine black spruce stands. The nine sites consisted of two plantations and seven post-fire, naturally regenerated stands. Of the seven naturally regenerated sites, four were epidemic and 3 endemic. The term “epidemic” refers to stands regenerated during known spruce budworm defoliation periods. The term “endemic” refers to stands regenerated during periods without severe defoliation. For height and volume growth, 5 different methods were used and compared. The annual height and volume growth of all black spruce showed a sigmoid trend, characterized by low values in the first years after germination, followed by an exponential acceleration and finally oscillation around a horizontal asymptote. The black spruce stands established during endemic periods were more productive than those established during epidemic periods, but plantations were the most productive. Key words: black spruce, juvenile growth, plantation, post-fire stands, spruce budworm outbreak, volume, yield

Cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity of endophytic fungi from black spruce (Picea mariana) needles

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Johnson ◽  
N. J. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Spruce Needles

Hyphae and hyphal extracts from fungi isolated from inside healthy black spruce needles were assayed for their effect on spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) cell cultures and larvae. Isolates were from needles of four age-classes (current –3 years old) collected throughout a 4-month sampling period. Hyphal extracts from 21 of the 100 isolates tested were toxic to spruce budworm cell cultures and isolates from older needles (2 and 3 years old) negatively affected cells more frequently (p < 0.05) than isolates from younger needles (current and 1 year old). Hyphae from five isolates and hyphal extracts from seven increased mortality (p < 0.05) when fed to second instar larvae in a laboratory bioassay. Development was delayed and larval dry mass reduced when budworm were fed hyphae from Cryptocline abietina Petrak (isolate number 69). Larval dry mass was reduced when budworm were fed the extract from Aureobasidium pullulons (de Bary) Am. (isolate 87) but increased when fed Cryptocline abietina (isolates 40 and 80), a coelomycete (isolate 12), and Hormonema dematioides (isolates 28, 63, and 96).Key words: endophytic fungi, budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, Picea mariana, toxicity.

SEASONAL DAMAGE BY INSECTS AND SQUIRRELS TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P.

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 1113-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. Prévost ◽  
J.E. Laing ◽  
V.F. Haavisto
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus ◽  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Cone Axis ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Cone Growth

AbstractThe seasonal damage to female reproductive structures (buds, flowers, and cones) of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., was assessed during 1983 and 1984. Nineteen insects (five Orders) and the red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben), were found feeding on these reproductive structures. Collectively, these organisms damaged 88.9 and 53.5% of the cones in 1983 and 1984, respectively. In the 2 years, Lepidoptera damaged 61.8% of the cones in 1983 and 44.4% of the cones in 1984. The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculelloides Mut. and Mun., were the most important pests. Cones damaged by Lepidoptera could be classed into three categories: (a) severe, yielding no seeds; (b) moderate, yielding 22.3 seeds per cone; and (c) light, yielding 37.5 seeds per cone. Undamaged cones yielded on average 39.9 seeds per cone. Red squirrels removed 18.8% of the cones in 1983 and none in 1984. The spruce cone axis midge, Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, and the spruce cone maggot, Lasiomma anthracinum (Czerny), caused minor damage in both years. Feeding by spruce cone axis midge did not reduce cone growth significantly or the number of viable seeds per cone, but feeding by the spruce cone maggot did. During both years new damage by insects to the female reproductive structures of the experimental trees was not observed after mid-July. In 1983 damage by red squirrels occurred from early to late September. In 1984 damage to cones on trees treated with dimethoate was 15.6% compared with 53.5% for untreated trees, without an increase in the number of aborted cones.

Elizabeth Bishop and ‘a bad case of the Threes’

2019 ◽  
pp. 164-176
Author(s):  
Katrina Mayson
Keyword(s):  
Third Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Elizabeth Bishop ◽  
Gerard Manley Hopkins ◽  
Safe Place ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lyric Poet ◽  
Structural Manipulation

This chapter explores aspects of Bishop’s poetics through the lens of the number three, contributing to the debate about Bishop’s place as a ‘lyric’ poet. It does this by charting the myriad ways Bishop used the number three and all its connotations in her poetry. These range from her use of the tercet form to a structural manipulation of time and perspective. Threes are everywhere in Bishop, ranging from the influence of Gerard Manley Hopkins, the Holy Trinity and Dante to ekphrastic notions of shadow boxes in ‘Objects & Apparitions’. That three underpins Bishop’s aphoristic ear is most clearly heard in her prose and letters, for example in her famous statement that ‘The three qualities I admire in the poetry I like best are: Accuracy, Spontaneity, Mystery’ (in ‘Writing Poetry is an Unnatural Act’). Bishop scholars and readers often identify with the quality of reticence in her poetry, often referred to as ‘the other’ or the ‘third space’ where the reader can find or suggest meaning between the hidden and the said. What is less commonly acknowledged is that the threes can also be constructed to create a safe place in which to allow dangerous emotions or thoughts to be expressed.

Effets de la coupe à blanc et de la coupe par bandes sur la régénération obtenue après 5 ans dans des pessières noires du Québec

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pominville ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Coupe À Blanc

An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of traditional clear-cutting with those of strip cutting on regeneration of black spruce, Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., stands on scarified and unscarified uplands and on lowlands. To that effect, regeneration surveys were done before cutting, in the following year, and 3 and 5 years after cutting. Five years after harvesting, strip cutting led to higher coniferous stocking than clear-cutting on scarified uplands and on lowlands. On unscarified uplands, the gain attributable to strip cutting was not significant. The coniferous stocking of strip cuts on scarified uplands was not greater than on unscarified uplands. So the efficiency of scarification could not be proved in that study. Stocking obtained after 5 years remained closely related to the one observed immediately after harvesting in the strip cufs as in the clear-cuttings. This is particularly true for balsam fir, Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill. In the strip cuts, the balsam fir stocking was constant while the one of black spruce increased. This could have an impact on the evolution of the composition of the new stands and, consequently, on their vulnerability to spruce budworm, Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.). The majority of the clear-cuttings were well regenerated 5 years after harvesting. Their average coniferous stocking was slightly above 60%. However, 48% of the clear-cuttings did not reach this level when only unscarified plots on uplands were considered. Advance growth was abundant in those plots but suffered high losses during harvesting. Consequently, reducing the losses during harvesting would result in a lower proportion of clear-cuttings with insufficient coniferous stocking 5 years after cutting. On the other hand, almost all the strip cuts with insufficient regeneration after harvesting were well regenerated 5 years later. Thus, strip cutting could be an interesting option on sites with insufficient advance growth and on sites well regenerated before cutting but where important losses during harvesting are anticipated.

Age Differences in Coping: Does Less Mean Worse?

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Meeks ◽  
Laura L. Carstensen ◽  
Brenda-Fay Tamsky ◽  
Thomas L. Wright ◽  
David Pellegrini
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Quantitative Changes

Previous research suggests that elderly people utilize fewer coping strategies than younger people. Some researchers suggest that these quantitative changes reflect decreases in the use of maladaptive strategies; others contend that they reflect decreases in the use of adaptive strategies by older adults. The present article reports the findings of three studies of coping in older people, two addressing coping with health problems, and the other addressing coping with moving. In all three studies, the number of self-reported coping strategies decreases with age. Results do not support the idea that decreases in the number of strategies imply decrements in the quality of coping, however: in two studies, age was unrelated to the effectiveness of strategies, in the third, effectiveness ratings were higher for older subjects. The need for evaluation of specific outcomes of coping strategies is discussed, along with the need for task-specific measurement of coping. It is proposed that decreases in the number of coping strategies reflect improved coping efficiency, rather than a deterioration of adaptational skills.

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