scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF INTELLIGENCE ON ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRIME: A CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
MONICA VIOLETA ACHIM ◽  
SORIN NICOLAE BORLEA ◽  
VIORELA LIGIA VĂIDEAN ◽  
ALEXANDRA IOANA RUS ◽  
FLORIN DOBRE
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
Country Study ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determining Factor

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between intelligence and economic and financial crimes. For this purpose, we use a cross-sectional sample of 182 countries for the time span of 2012–2017. Our research provides empirical evidence on the existence of a significant impact of intelligence upon economic and financial crimes. When we analyze the entire sample, we find that intelligent people are more prone to comply with the law and thus increase the efficiency of implementing government policies to reduce economic and financial crimes. However, when we conduct our analysis among the two subgroups of high- and low-income countries, different results are obtained. For high-income countries, we obtain evidence of a positive coefficient for the impact of intelligence on economic and financial crimes, meaning that increased intellectual capacities of people from these countries, including high professional knowledge and skills, are used to break the traditional technology in order to get illegal benefits. Our results conducted for the low-income countries' subsample do not support intelligence as being a determining factor for economic and financial crimes; in these countries, other determinants are more important for engaging in such activities. Our study may have important implications for the policymakers who must acknowledge that various policies in the field of economic and financial crimes need to be differentially adopted depending on the level of development of each country, which offers different ways of involvement in such crimes, related to the level of people's intelligence.

Assessment of knowledge and practice of vaccination of dogs against rabies by dog owners in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Audu Onyemocho ◽  
Agwa Moses ◽  
Aboh Kisani ◽  
Omole Namben Victoria ◽  
Anejo-Okopi Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Rabies, one of the oldest and fatal infectious diseases known to human race, is transmitted by infected dogs. The global target of zero dog-mediated rabies human deaths has been set for 2030; however, the realization of this goal poses challenges in most low-income countries where rabies is endemic due to weak surveillance. Dogs have been increasingly deployed for domestic uses over the years, especially for security purposes. This study assessed the assessment of knowledge and practice of vaccination of dogs against rabies by dog owners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was employed to study 400 dog owners in Makurdi metropolis through multistage sampling techniques. Sighting of valid dog vaccination card was used as criteria for current vaccination. Bivariate analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between the respondent knowledge of rabies and dog vaccination with significant value set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 31 (Â ± 0.8) years, majority of them had tertiary and secondary education (40.0% and 39.0%, respectively), 26.0% were traders, and 50.0% were married. Overall, 73.0% of the respondents had good knowledge score, 61.0% had seen at least a rabid dog in their life time, and 74.0% have a history of dog vaccination, but evidence of up to date vaccination of dogs by owners was seen in only 18.0% of all the vaccination cards sighted. The relationship between the educational status of the respondents, their knowledge score, and their dog vaccination was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge of rabies among dog owners in Makurdi was good, but the practice of dog vaccination was poor. Educational status was a good predictor of practice. Awareness campaign on dog vaccination should be strengthened and adequate measures should be put in place at the veterinary hospitals in Makurdi for vaccination of dogs.

Impact of Social Isolation on Physical Activity and Factors Associated With Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Giovana Z. Mazo ◽  
Felipe Fank ◽  
Pedro S. Franco ◽  
Bruna da Silva Vieira Capanema ◽  
Franciele da Silva Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Impact

The objective was to analyze the impact of social isolation on moderate physical activity and factors associated with sedentary behavior of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional study involving 111 older adults (aged 71.0 ± 6.87 years). The data were collected at two time points: in November 2019 and in June 2020. There was a decline in moderate physical activity when the minutes/week were compared before and during social isolation (p < .001). Sedentary behavior was associated with the condition of living alone. Older adults who lived alone were 3.29 times more likely to spend 4 hr or more in sedentary behavior than those who lived with a partner (95% confidence interval [1.01, 10.74]). Government agencies must establish PA-related health promotion strategies, especially in developing and low-income countries. Therefore, home exercises need to be encouraged to prevent the consequences of this pandemic period.

scholarly journals Filling the Gap

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (150) ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Bazarbash ◽  
Kimberly Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Financial Efficiency ◽  
Financial Depth ◽  
Consumer Segment ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Credit Gap ◽  
The Relationship

Can fintech credit fill the credit gap in the consumer and business segments? There are few cross-country studies that explore this question. Focusing on marketplace lending, an important part of fintech credit, we use data for 109 countries from 2015 to 2017 to study the relationship between fintech credit to businesses and consumers and various aspects of financial development. Marketplace lending to consumers grows in countries where financial depth declines highlighting the role of fintech credit in filling the credit gap by traditional lenders. This result is particularly strong in low-income countries. In the business segment, marketplace lending expands where financial efficiency declines. Our findings show that low-income countries take advantage of the fintech credit opportunity in the consumer segment but face important challenges in the business segment.

scholarly journals Changes in perceived knowledge about childbirth among pregnant women participating in the Senses of Birth Intervention in Brazil: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luísa M M Fernandes ◽  
Sônia Lansky ◽  
Bernardo J Oliveira ◽  
Amélia A L Friche ◽  
Christine T. Bozlak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Perceived Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Senses of Birth (SoB) is a health education intervention in Brazil that addresses reproductive rights, the benefits and risks of normal birth and cesarean, and use of evidence-based practices (EBP) during labor and childbirth, aiming to reduce unnecessary cesareans in the country. This study evaluates the impact of the SoB intervention on pregnant women’s perceived knowledge about normal birth, cesarean, and use of EBP in childbirth. Method: 1,287 pregnant women answered a structured questionnaire, immediately after their visit to the exhibition, between March 2015 and March 2016, in four cities. To identify the impact of the intervention on women’s perceived knowledge and possible association with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, statistical analyses were performed including paired T-tests, ANOVA, and logistic and linear regressions. Results: The mean score (MS) of perceived knowledge after the intervention was higher than the mean score before experiencing the SoB for all three knowledge domains: Normal Birth (MS Before= 3.71 x MS After= 4.49), Cesarean (MS Before= 3.54 x MS After= 4.26) and EBPs (MS Before= 3.14 x MS After= 4.14). The results suggest that SoB intervention was more effective for low income women (B = 0.206; p < 0.001 for EBP), women without private health insurance (OR 2.47, 95% CI: 1.49- 4.09 for normal birth), women with private prenatal care (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.59- 3.66 for normal birth), women experiencing their first pregnancy (OR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.31-2.82 for EBP; OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.84 for normal birth; OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.84 for cesarean), and women in their first or second trimester at the time of the intervention (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.39 for EBP; OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11-1.97 for normal birth; OR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.40-2.41 for cesarean). Conclusion: The study showed opportunities to increase knowledge among Brazilian pregnant women for the three knowledge domains, and a need to focus the discussion on how to achieve a positive experience of birth using EBP. The intervention gains relevance considering the lack of evidence of the efficacy of non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary cesareans in middle and low-income countries targeting women.

At what level of corruption does economic growth decrease?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ali Trabelsi ◽  
Hédi Trabelsi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Optimal Threshold ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Marginal Change ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of corruption on economic growth by testing the hypothesis that the relationship between these two variables is nonlinear and by assessing the veracity of the assumption that corruption is always detrimental to economic growth. Several cross-country studies have treated this question but the findings are not universally robust. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a panel data analysis has been used to examine 88 countries over the 1984-2011 period. A cross-sectional framework is used in which growth rate and the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) index are observed only once for each country. Findings The findings indicate that beyond an optimal threshold, both high and low corruption levels can decrease economic growth. Under this optimal threshold, a moderate level of corruption, defined by the point of reversal of the curve of the marginal corruption effect on growth, could have advantages for economic growth. Originality/value This paper shows that the threshold would be a corruption level between 2.5 and 3, which represents the “acceptable corruption level”. This result is conforming to one of the ten principles of economics: “Rational people think at the marginal change”. This threshold represents the point where the marginal benefits of corruption are equal to marginal costs incurred by corruption. Conversely, lack of corruption may be a mechanism that slows down growth.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Childhood infections in Ambulatory Settings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samah Al-Shatnawi ◽  
Sanabel Alhusban ◽  
Shoroq Altawalbeh ◽  
Rawand Khasawneh
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Background: Antibiotics’ rational prescribing is a major goal of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global action-plan to tackle antimicrobial resistance. Evaluation of antibiotic prescribing patterns is necessary to guide simple, globally applicable stewardship interventions. The impact of antimicrobial resistance is devastating, especially in low-income countries. We aimed to introduce ambulatory data on patterns of pediatric antibiotic prescribing in Jordan, which could be used to guide local stewardship interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted by selecting a random sample of pediatric patients, who attended ambulatory settings in 2018. Records of outpatients (age 18 years) receiving at least one antibiotic were included. The WHO’s model of drug utilization was applied, and all prescribing indicators were included. Multiple linear regression was performed to examine factors influencing the ratio of prescribed antibiotics to overall medications per encounter. Results: A total of 20,494 prescriptions, containing 45,241 prescribed drugs, were obtained. Average number of prescribed drugs per prescription was (2.21  0.98). 77.5% of overall ambulatory prescriptions accounted for antimicrobials. Only 0.6% of total prescriptions were for injectables. All antimicrobials (100%) were prescribed by generic-names and from essential drug list. Antibiotics were most commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infections. Age, gender, season, and facility type were significant predictors of prescribed antibiotics to overall medications ratio. Conclusions: This is the first study of antibiotic prescribing patterns among outpatient pediatrics that covers wide regions in Jordan. Results indicate high rates of antibiotics use among outpatient pediatrics. Such findings necessitate more focused efforts and regulations that support rational utilization of drugs.

scholarly journals Changes in perceived knowledge about childbirth among pregnant women participating in the Senses of Birth Intervention in Brazil: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luísa M M Fernandes ◽  
Sônia Lansky ◽  
Bernardo J Oliveira ◽  
Amélia A L Friche ◽  
Christine T. Bozlak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Perceived Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Senses of Birth (SoB) is a health education intervention in Brazil that addresses reproductive rights, the benefits and risks of normal birth and cesarean, and use of evidence-based practices (EBP) during labor and childbirth, aiming to reduce unnecessary cesareans in the country. This study evaluates the impact of the SoB intervention on pregnant women’s perceived knowledge about normal birth, cesarean, and use of EBP in childbirth. Method: 1,287 pregnant women answered a structured questionnaire, immediately after their visit to the exhibition, between March 2015 and March 2016, in four cities. To identify the impact of the intervention on women’s perceived knowledge and possible association with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, statistical analyses were performed including paired T-tests, ANOVA, and logistic and linear regressions. Results: The mean score (MS) of perceived knowledge after the intervention was higher than the mean score before experiencing the SoB for all three knowledge domains: Normal Birth (MS Before= 3.71 x MS After= 4.49), Cesarean (MS Before= 3.54 x MS After= 4.26) and EBPs (MS Before= 3.14 x MS After= 4.14). The results suggest that SoB intervention was more effective for low income women (B = 0.206; p < 0.001 for EBP), women without private health insurance (OR 2.47, 95% CI: 1.49- 4.09 for normal birth), women with private prenatal care (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.59- 3.66 for normal birth), women experiencing their first pregnancy (OR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.31-2.82 for EBP; OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.84 for normal birth; OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.84 for cesarean), and women in their first or second trimester at the time of the intervention (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.39 for EBP; OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11-1.97 for normal birth; OR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.40-2.41 for cesarean). Conclusion: The study showed opportunities to increase knowledge among Brazilian pregnant women for the three knowledge domains, and a need to focus the discussion on how to achieve a positive experience of birth using EBP. The intervention gains relevance considering the lack of evidence of the efficacy of non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary cesareans in middle and low-income countries targeting women.

scholarly journals NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND PAKISTAN’S SEHAT SAHULAT PROGRAM: A SNAPSHOT ANALYSIS OF READMISSIONS IN ISLAMABAD CAPITAL TERRITORY

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1534-38
Author(s):  
Syed Fawad Mashhadi ◽  
Saira Maroof ◽  
Aliya Hisam ◽  
Sumaira Masood ◽  
Sonia Riaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To examine the impact of 30-day hospital readmission for non-communicable diseases on limited health-care resources of a low-income country like Pakistan in the light of available data from Pakistan’s Sehat Sahulat Program. Study Design: Retrospective analytical cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Health Services Academy, Islamabad Pakistan, from Jan 2016 to Jul 2020. Methodology: Secondary data of patients readmitted with non-communicable diseases in Sehat Sahulat Program, Islamabad, Pakistan. Universal sampling technique was utilized. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27. Results: Islamabad (ICT) stands second highest for readmissions (n=1270) in which the 30-days readmission rate was 13.69%. Maximum number of readmissions were found in 50-59 years (344, 27.12%). Of 1270 ICT readmissions, 559 (44%) cases were readmitted with non-communicable diseases while rest of 711 (56%) cases were readmitted for acute infectious diseases or surgical procedures. Of 559 non-communicable diseases cases, 236 (42.21%) readmissions were having one non-communicable disease, 63 (11.27%) readmissions exhibited two or more non-communicable diseases and 260 (46.51%) were readmitted because of cancers (CA). Among males, the most common malignancy was CA lungs/ bronchus 24 (19.8%) while among females, CA Breast 80 (56.3%). Conclusion: Non-communicable diseases represent a significant burden on resource constrained, low-income countries. In view of the recurrent admissions that these chronic diseases inevitably incur, better resource allocation may help lessen this burden on fragile health systems creating better clinical outcomes for the penurious strata of Pakistan’s population.

scholarly journals Changes in perceived knowledge about childbirth among pregnant women participating in the Senses of Birth Intervention in Brazil: A cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luísa M M Fernandes ◽  
Sônia Lansky ◽  
Bernardo J Oliveira ◽  
Amélia A L Friche ◽  
Christine T. Bozlak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Perceived Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Senses of Birth (SoB) is a health education intervention in Brazil that addresses reproductive rights, the benefits and risks of normal birth and cesarean, and use of evidence-based practices (EBP) during labor and childbirth, aiming to reduce unnecessary cesareans in the country. This study evaluates the impact of the SoB intervention on pregnant women’s perceived knowledge about normal birth, cesarean, and use of EBP in childbirth. Method: 1,287 pregnant women answered a structured questionnaire, immediately after their visit to the exhibition, between March 2015 and March 2016, in four cities. To identify the impact of the intervention on women’s perceived knowledge and possible association with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, statistical analyses were performed including paired T-tests, ANOVA, and logistic and linear regressions. Results: The mean score (MS) of perceived knowledge after the intervention was higher than the mean score before experiencing the SoB for all three knowledge domains: Normal Birth (MS Before= 3.71 x MS After= 4.49), Cesarean (MS Before= 3.54 x MS After= 4.26) and EBPs (MS Before= 3.14 x MS After= 4.14). The results suggest that SoB intervention was more effective for low income women (B = 0.206; p < 0.001 for EBP), women without private health insurance (OR 2.47, 95% CI: 1.49- 4.09 for normal birth), women with private prenatal care (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.59- 3.66 for normal birth), women experiencing their first pregnancy (OR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.31-2.82 for EBP; OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.84 for normal birth; OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.84 for cesarean), and women in their first or second trimester at the time of the intervention (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.39 for EBP; OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11-1.97 for normal birth; OR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.40-2.41 for cesarean). Conclusion: The study showed opportunities to increase knowledge among Brazilian pregnant women for the three knowledge domains, and a need to focus the discussion on how to achieve a positive experience of birth using EBP. The intervention gains relevance considering the lack of evidence of the efficacy of non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary cesareans in middle and low-income countries targeting women.

Democracy and income: taking parameter heterogeneity and cross-country dependency into account

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Neves Sequeira
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Parameter Heterogeneity ◽  
Common Correlated Effects ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between income and democracy using common correlated effects (CCE) extended estimators which take into account the fact that democracy variables are highly correlated across countries and the possibility of heterogeneous effects of income on democracy in different countries. Using a wider database than ever, covering annual data from 1804 to 2010 for almost all countries, we show that overall, the effect of income on democracy is significantly negative when the time-series features of the data are taken into account, a result that comes from the low-income countries. This calls back into question the controversy about the empirical effect of income on democracy.

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