scholarly journals Dark matter, dark energy and the time evolution of masses in the universe

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (21) ◽  
pp. 1444016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Solà
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Static Vacuum ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Universe

The traditional "explanation" for the observed acceleration of the universe is the existence of a positive cosmological constant. However, this can hardly be a truly convincing explanation, as an expanding universe is not expected to have a static vacuum energy density. So, it must be an approximation. This reminds us of the so-called fundamental "constants" of nature. Recent and past measurements of the fine structure constant and of the proton–electron mass ratio suggest that basic quantities of the standard model, such as the QCD scale parameter, Λ QCD , might not be conserved in the course of the cosmological evolution. The masses of the nucleons and of the atomic nuclei would be time-evolving. This can be consistent with General Relativity provided the vacuum energy itself is a dynamical quantity. Another framework realizing this possibility is QHD (Quantum Haplodynamics), a fundamental theory of bound states. If one assumes that its running couplings unify at the Planck scale and that such scale changes slowly with cosmic time, the masses of the nucleons and of the DM particles, including the cosmological term, will evolve with time. This could explain the dark energy of the universe.

scholarly journals Application of Self-Similar Symmetry Model to Dark Energy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohide Sonoda
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
The Universe

Recent observations of the dark energy density demonstrates the fine-tuning problem and challenges in theoretical modelling. In this study, we apply the self-similar symmetry (SSS) model, describing the hierarchical structure of the universe based on the Dirac large numbers hypothesis, to Einstein's cosmological term. We introduce a new similarity dimension, DB, in the SSS model. Using the DB SSS model, the cosmological constant, vacuum energy density, and Hubble parameter can be simply expressed as a function of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. We show that the initial value of the vacuum energy density at the creation of the universe is ρ0 = 1/8παf6, where αf is the fine structure constant. The results indicate that the CMB is the primary factor for the evolution of the universe, providing a unified understanding of the problems of naturalness.

scholarly journals Quantum Haplodynamics, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Fritzsch ◽  
Joan Solà
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Cosmic Time ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Scalar State ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Universe

In quantum haplodynamics (QHD) the weak bosons, quarks, and leptons are bound states of fundamental constituents, denoted as haplons. The confinement scale of the associated gauge groupSU(2)his of the order ofΛh≃0.3 TeV. One scalar state has zero haplon number and is the resonance observed at the LHC. In addition, there exist new bound states of haplons with no counterpart in the SM, having a mass of the order of 0.5 TeV up to a few TeV. In particular, a neutral scalar state with haplon number 4 is stable and can provide the dark matter in the universe. The QHD, QCD, and QED couplings can unify at the Planck scale. If this scale changes slowly with cosmic time, all of the fundamental couplings, the masses of the nucleons and of the DM particles, including the cosmological term (or vacuum energy density), will evolve with time. This could explain the dark energy of the universe.

scholarly journals New Limit on Space-Time Variations in the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Analysis of Quasar J110325-264515 Spectra

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
T. D. Le
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Quasar Spectra ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Universe

Astrophysical tests of current values for dimensionless constants known on Earth, such as the fine-structure constant, α , and proton-to-electron mass ratio, μ = m p / m e , are communicated using data from high-resolution quasar spectra in different regions or epochs of the universe. The symmetry wavelengths of [Fe II] lines from redshifted quasar spectra of J110325-264515 and their corresponding values in the laboratory were combined to find a new limit on space-time variations in the proton-to-electron mass ratio, ∆ μ / μ = ( 0.096 ± 0.182 ) × 10 − 7 . The results show how the indicated astrophysical observations can further improve the accuracy and space-time variations of physics constants.

scholarly journals Do we come from a quantum anomaly?

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1944002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyros Basilakos ◽  
Nick E. Mavromatos ◽  
Joan Solà Peracaula
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Hubble Parameter ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Quantum Anomaly ◽  
Inflationary Phase ◽  
Axion Field ◽  
The Universe

We present a string-based picture of the cosmological evolution in which (CP-violating) gravitational anomalies acting during the inflationary phase of the universe cause the vacuum energy density to “run” with the effective Hubble parameter squared, [Formula: see text], thanks to the axion field of the bosonic string multiplet. This leads to baryogenesis through leptogenesis with massive right-handed neutrinos. The generation of chiral matter after inflation helps in cancelling the anomalies in the observable radiation- and matter-dominated eras. The present era inherits the same “running vacuum” structure triggered during the inflationary time by the axion field. The current dark energy is thus predicted to be mildly dynamical, and dark matter should be made of axions. Paraphrasing Carl Sagan [ https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/10538.Carl_Sagan .]: we are all anomalously made from starstuff.

scholarly journals Variation of the fundamental constants over the cosmological time: veracity of Dirac’s intriguing hypothesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio Nassif ◽  
A.C. Amaro de Faria
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Cosmological Time ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

We investigate how the universal constants, including the fine structure constant, have varied since the early universe close to the Planck energy scale (EP ∼ 1019 GeV) and, thus, how they have evolved over the cosmological time related to the temperature of the expanding universe. According to a previous paper (Nassif and Amaro de Faria, Jr. Phys. Rev. D, 86, 027703 (2012). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.027703), we have shown that the speed of light was much higher close to the Planck scale. In the present work, we will go further, first by showing that both the Planck constant and the electron charge were also too large in the early universe. However, we conclude that the fine structure constant (α ≅ 1/137) has remained invariant with the age and temperature of the universe, which is in agreement with laboratory tests and some observational data. Furthermore, we will obtain the divergence of the electron (or proton) mass and also the gravitational constant (G) at the Planck scale. Thus, we will be able to verify the veracity of Dirac’s belief about the existence of “coincidences” between dimensionless ratios of subatomic and cosmological quantities, leading to a variation of G with time, that is, the ratio of the electrostatic to gravitational forces between an electron and a proton (∼1041) is roughly equal to the age of the universe divided by an elementary time constant, so that the strength of gravity, as determined by G, must vary inversely with time in the approximation of lower temperature or for times very far from the early period, to compensate for the time-variation of the Hubble parameter (H ∼ t−1). In short, we will show the validity of Dirac’s hypothesis only for times very far from the early period or T ≪ TP (∼1032 K).

scholarly journals COSMOLOGY WITH INTERACTING DARK ENERGY

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANASSE R. MBONYE
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Dynamical Problem ◽  
Cosmic Acceleration ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Coincidence Problem ◽  
Coupled Oscillations ◽  
Periodic Acceleration ◽  
Observational Techniques ◽  
The Universe

The early cosmic inflation, when taken along with the recent observations that the universe is currently dominated by a low density vacuum energy, leads to at least two potential problems which modern cosmology must address. First, there is the old cosmological constant problem, with a new twist: the coincidence problem. Secondly, cosmology still lacks a model to predict the observed current cosmic acceleration and to determine whether or not there is a future exit out of this state (as previously in the inflationary case). This constitutes (what is called here) a dynamical problem. Here a framework is proposed to address these two problems, based on treating the cosmic background vacuum (dark) energy as both dynamical and interacting. The universe behaves as a vacuum-driven cosmic engine which, in search of equilibrium, always back-reacts to vacuum-induced accelerations by increasing its inertia (internal energy) through vacuum energy dissipation. The process couples cosmic vacuum (dark) energy to matter to produce future-directed increasingly comparable amplitudes in these fields by setting up oscillations in the decaying vacuum energy density and corresponding sympathetic ones in the matter fields. By putting bounds on the relative magnitudes of these coupled oscillations the model offers a natural and conceptually simple channel to discuss the coincidence problem, while also suggesting a way to deal with the dynamical problem. A result with important observational implications is an equation of state w(t) which specifically predicts a variable, quasi-periodic, acceleration for the current universe. This result can be directly tested by future observational techniques such as SNAP.

scholarly journals Dark Energy is a Phenomenal Effect of the Expanding Universe-Possibility for Experimental Verification.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva Prasad Kodukula
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Experimental Verification ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Time Density

Abstract Vacuum energy density has been defined and mass formation from ‘space-time’ has been viewed in a different perspective. This explanation for vacuum energy is based on ‘space-time’ and conversion of space in to time keeping ‘space-time density’ as constant. Equations for ‘space-time’ and mutual conversion of space and time have been derived. As a result, new concept of mass creation has been explained. By postulating that space time density of universe is constant, low and high values of cosmological constants has been shown as the exchange of energy between space, time and energy. The concept has been used to explain dark energy concept of the universe. It concluded a result that velocity of light is changing with the apparent expansion of the universe. The derived equation is possible for experimental verification. Obviously it is a contradiction to Big bang model. So the derived equation with the help of quantum concepts explained the 2.7o K cosmic micro wave background radiation. Finally it proposed a relation between diameter of hydrogen atom and Hubble’s constant with another postulate that gives importance to the existence of positive and negative charges below atomic level that describe the basic facts of quantum physics.

scholarly journals On the electrodynamics of moving particles in a quasi flat spacetime with Lorentz violation and its cosmological implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1650096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio Nassif Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Flat Spacetime ◽  
Minimum Speed

This research aims to develop a new approach towards a consistent coupling of electromagnetic and gravitational fields, by using an electron that couples with a weak gravitational potential by means of its electromagnetic field. To accomplish this, we must first build a new model which provides the electromagnetic nature of both the mass and the energy of the electron, and which is implemented with the idea of [Formula: see text]-photon decay into an electron–positron pair. After this, we place the electron (or positron) in the presence of a weak gravitational potential given in the intergalactic medium, so that its electromagnetic field undergoes a very small perturbation, thus leading to a slight increase in the field’s electromagnetic energy density. This perturbation takes place by means of a tiny coupling constant [Formula: see text] because gravity is a very weak interaction compared with the electromagnetic one. Thus, we realize that [Formula: see text] is a new dimensionless universal constant, which reminds us of the fine structure constant [Formula: see text]; however, [Formula: see text] is much smaller than [Formula: see text] because [Formula: see text] takes into account gravity, i.e. [Formula: see text]. We find [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the speed of light and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m/s) is a universal minimum speed that represents the lowest limit of speed for any particle. Such a minimum speed, unattainable by particles, represents a preferred reference frame associated with a background field that breaks the Lorentz symmetry. The metric of the flat spacetime shall include the presence of a uniform vacuum energy density, which leads to a negative pressure at cosmological scales (cosmological anti-gravity). The tiny values of the cosmological constant and the vacuum energy density will be successfully obtained in agreement with the observational data.

scholarly journals Dark Energy is a Phenomenal Effect of the Expanding Universe-Possibility for Experimental Verification.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva Prasad Kodukula
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Experimental Verification ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Time Density

Abstract Vacuum energy density has been defined and mass formation from ‘space-time’ has been viewed in a different perspective. This explanation for vacuum energy is based on ‘space-time’ and conversion of space in to time keeping ‘space-time density’ as constant. Equations for ‘space-time’ and mutual conversion of space and time have been derived. As a result, new concept of mass creation has been explained. By postulating that space time density of universe is constant, low and high values of cosmological constants has been shown as the exchange of energy between space, time and energy. The concept has been used to explain dark energy concept of the universe. It concluded a result that velocity of light is changing with the apparent expansion of the universe. The derived equation is possible for experimental verification. Obviously it is a contradiction to Big bang model. So the derived equation with the help of quantum concepts explained the 2.7o K cosmic micro wave background radiation. Finally it proposed a relation between diameter of hydrogen atom and Hubble’s constant with another postulate that gives importance to the existence of positive and negative charges below atomic level that describe the basic facts of quantum physics.

scholarly journals Vacuum energy and the cosmological constant

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (22) ◽  
pp. 1540033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Accelerating Expansion ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

The accelerating expansion of the Universe points to a small positive value for the cosmological constant or vacuum energy density. We discuss recent ideas that the cosmological constant plus Large Hadron Collider (LHC) results might hint at critical phenomena near the Planck scale.

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