scholarly journals On the electrodynamics of moving particles in a quasi flat spacetime with Lorentz violation and its cosmological implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1650096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio Nassif Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Flat Spacetime ◽  
Minimum Speed

This research aims to develop a new approach towards a consistent coupling of electromagnetic and gravitational fields, by using an electron that couples with a weak gravitational potential by means of its electromagnetic field. To accomplish this, we must first build a new model which provides the electromagnetic nature of both the mass and the energy of the electron, and which is implemented with the idea of [Formula: see text]-photon decay into an electron–positron pair. After this, we place the electron (or positron) in the presence of a weak gravitational potential given in the intergalactic medium, so that its electromagnetic field undergoes a very small perturbation, thus leading to a slight increase in the field’s electromagnetic energy density. This perturbation takes place by means of a tiny coupling constant [Formula: see text] because gravity is a very weak interaction compared with the electromagnetic one. Thus, we realize that [Formula: see text] is a new dimensionless universal constant, which reminds us of the fine structure constant [Formula: see text]; however, [Formula: see text] is much smaller than [Formula: see text] because [Formula: see text] takes into account gravity, i.e. [Formula: see text]. We find [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the speed of light and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m/s) is a universal minimum speed that represents the lowest limit of speed for any particle. Such a minimum speed, unattainable by particles, represents a preferred reference frame associated with a background field that breaks the Lorentz symmetry. The metric of the flat spacetime shall include the presence of a uniform vacuum energy density, which leads to a negative pressure at cosmological scales (cosmological anti-gravity). The tiny values of the cosmological constant and the vacuum energy density will be successfully obtained in agreement with the observational data.

scholarly journals Application of Self-Similar Symmetry Model to Dark Energy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohide Sonoda
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
The Universe

Recent observations of the dark energy density demonstrates the fine-tuning problem and challenges in theoretical modelling. In this study, we apply the self-similar symmetry (SSS) model, describing the hierarchical structure of the universe based on the Dirac large numbers hypothesis, to Einstein's cosmological term. We introduce a new similarity dimension, DB, in the SSS model. Using the DB SSS model, the cosmological constant, vacuum energy density, and Hubble parameter can be simply expressed as a function of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. We show that the initial value of the vacuum energy density at the creation of the universe is ρ0 = 1/8παf6, where αf is the fine structure constant. The results indicate that the CMB is the primary factor for the evolution of the universe, providing a unified understanding of the problems of naturalness.

scholarly journals Dark matter, dark energy and the time evolution of masses in the universe

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (21) ◽  
pp. 1444016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Solà
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Static Vacuum ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Universe

The traditional "explanation" for the observed acceleration of the universe is the existence of a positive cosmological constant. However, this can hardly be a truly convincing explanation, as an expanding universe is not expected to have a static vacuum energy density. So, it must be an approximation. This reminds us of the so-called fundamental "constants" of nature. Recent and past measurements of the fine structure constant and of the proton–electron mass ratio suggest that basic quantities of the standard model, such as the QCD scale parameter, Λ QCD , might not be conserved in the course of the cosmological evolution. The masses of the nucleons and of the atomic nuclei would be time-evolving. This can be consistent with General Relativity provided the vacuum energy itself is a dynamical quantity. Another framework realizing this possibility is QHD (Quantum Haplodynamics), a fundamental theory of bound states. If one assumes that its running couplings unify at the Planck scale and that such scale changes slowly with cosmic time, the masses of the nucleons and of the DM particles, including the cosmological term, will evolve with time. This could explain the dark energy of the universe.

scholarly journals On the Evaluation of Vacuum Energy Density in Quantum Field Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ervin Goldfain
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Textbook Analysis ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Flat Spacetime ◽  
The Standard Model

The textbook analysis of vacuum energy density (VED) in flat spacetime follows from Pauli’s lectures of 1951, in which quantum vacuum is modeled as a reservoir of free harmonic oscillators. In his lectures, Pauli shows that deriving a nearly vanishing VED is contingent upon fulfilling three corollary conditions called polynomial-in-mass-constraints. The goal of this work is to evaluate Pauli’s constraints against the Standard Model parameters and the Higgs mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking.

The vacuum electromagnetic energy density — Towards a physical comprehension of the vacuum energy scale problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (25) ◽  
pp. 2050153
Author(s):  
Constantin Meis
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Cosmic Acceleration ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Scale Problem ◽  
Radiation Background

The electromagnetic field ground state, a zero-energy cosmic field permeating all of space, issues naturally from Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory and its fluctuations may generate transient photons conferring a physical solution to the vacuum energy scale problem. They are more significant at long wavelengths underlying principally the low frequency up to infrared cosmic radiation background. Assuming an exponentially decreasing probability with increasing frequency for the fluctuating photons the obtained vacuum energy density is in agreement with the astrophysical observations. Consequently, the electromagnetic field ground state fluctuations might be the principal component of the dark energy considered responsible for the observed cosmic acceleration.

scholarly journals Propagating q-field and q-ball solution

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (18) ◽  
pp. 1750103 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Klinkhamer ◽  
G. E. Volovik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Type Solution ◽  
Cosmological Constant Problem ◽  
Flat Spacetime ◽  
Q Wave

One possible solution of the cosmological constant problem involves a so-called q-field, which self-adjusts so as to give a vanishing gravitating vacuum energy density (cosmological constant) in equilibrium. We show that this q-field can manifest itself in other ways. Specifically, we establish a propagating mode (q-wave) in the nontrivial vacuum and find a particular soliton-type solution in flat spacetime, which we call a q-ball by analogy with the well-known Q-ball solution. Both q-waves and q-balls are expected to play a role for the equilibration of the q-field in the very early universe.

scholarly journals LOCAL CONTRIBUTION OF A QUANTUM CONDENSATE TO THE VACUUM ENERGY DENSITY

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 683-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIOVANNI MODANESE
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Casimir Effect ◽  
Landau Equation ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ginzburg Landau ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Local Contribution ◽  
Gravitational Vacuum

We evaluate the local contribution gμνL of coherent matter with Lagrangian density L to the vacuum energy density. Focusing on the case of superconductors obeying the Ginzburg–Landau equation, we express the relativistic invariant density L in terms of low-energy quantities containing the pairs density. We discuss under which physical conditions the sign of the local contribution of the collective wave function to the vacuum energy density is positive or negative. Effects of this kind can play an important role in bringing the local changes in the amplitude of gravitational vacuum fluctuations — a phenomenon reminiscent of the Casimir effect in QED.

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