scholarly journals THE SEARCH FOR NEUTRINO SOURCES BEYOND THE SUN

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 3393-3413 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. BARWICK ◽  
F. HALZEN ◽  
P.B. PRICE
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescope ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Electromagnetic Showers ◽  
Electron Neutrinos ◽  
Neutrino Astronomy ◽  
Near Future

It is hoped that in the near future, neutrino astronomy, born with the identification of thermonuclear fusion in the sun and the particle processes controlling the fate of a nearby supernova, will reach throughout and beyond our galaxy and make measurements relevant to cosmology, astrophysics, cosmic-ray physics and particle physics. The construction of a high-energy neutrino telescope requires a huge volume of very transparent, deeply buried material, such as ocean water or ice, which acts as the medium for detecting the particles. The AMANDA1 muon and neutrino telescope, now operating four strings of photomultiplier tubes buried in deep ice at the South Pole, is scheduled to be expanded to a ten-string array. The data collected over the first two years cover the three basic modes in which such instruments are operated: (i) the burst mode which monitors the sky for supernovae, (ii) the detection of electromagnetic showers initiated by PeV-energy cosmic electron neutrinos, and (iii) muon trajectory reconstruction for neutrino and gamma-ray astronomy. We speculate on the possible architectures of kilometer-scale instruments, using early data as a guideline.

scholarly journals Neutrino Telescopes in Antarctica

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Jenni Adams
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescope ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
High Energy Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Telescopes ◽  
Radio Receivers ◽  
Neutrino Astronomy ◽  
Near Future

AbstractIt is hoped that in the near future neutrino astronomy will reach throughout and beyond our galaxy and make measurements relevant to cosmology, astrophysics, cosmic-ray and particle physics. The construction of a high-energy neutrino telescope requires a huge volume of very transparent, deeply buried material such as ocean water or ice, which acts as the medium for detecting the particles. I will describe two experiments using Antarctic ice as this medium: the AMANDA experiment employing photomultiplier tubes and RICE utilising radio receivers.

scholarly journals Particle Physics with ORCA

2019 ◽  
Vol 207 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Alba Domi ◽  
Simon Bourret ◽  
Liam Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescope ◽  
Atmospheric Neutrinos ◽  
Sterile Neutrinos ◽  
Tau Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Astronomy ◽  
Under Construction

KM3NeT is a Megaton-scale neutrino telescope currently under construction at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. When completed, it will consist of two separate detectors: ARCA (Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss), optimised for high-energy neutrino astronomy, and ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) for neutrino oscillation studies of atmospheric neutrinos. The main goal of ORCA is the determination of the neutrino mass ordering (NMO). Nevertheless it is possible to exploit ORCA’s configuration to make other important measurements, such as sterile neutrinos, non standard interactions, tau-neutrino appearance, neutrinos from Supernovae, Dark Matter and Earth Tomography studies. Part of these analyses are summarized here.

Astrophysics and Particle Physics in Space with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 1951-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Lamanna
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Magnetic Spectrometer ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Physics Experiment ◽  
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a high energy particle physics experiment in space scheduled to be installed on the International Space Station (ISS) by 2006 for a three-year mission. After a precursor flight of a prototype detector on board of the NASA Space Shuttle in June 1998, the construction of the detector in its final configuration is started and it will be completed by 2004. The purpose of this experiment is to provide a high statistics measurement of charged particles and nuclei in rigidity range 0.5 GV to few TV and to explore the high-energy (> 1 GeV ) gamma-ray sky. In this paper we describe the detector layout and present an overview of the main scientific goals both in the domain of astrophysics: cosmic-ray origin, age and propagation and the exploration of the most energetic gamma-ray sources; and in the domain of astroparticle: the anti-matter and the dark matter searches.

scholarly journals Sir Arnold Whittaker Wolfendale. 25 June 1927—21 December 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Ellis ◽  
Alan A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Intermediate Energy ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions

For over 50 years Arnold Wolfendale was an international leader in the fields of cosmic ray and gamma ray astronomy, making many seminal contributions. His extensive studies of the muon particle culminated in 1965 when, using an installation in the Kolar Gold Mine in India, he played a major role in the first detection of the neutrinos associated with muons produced in the atmosphere. His interests in the origin of high-energy cosmic rays were extensive and required the development of a better understanding of particle physics at energies beyond those accessible at accelerators. Recognizing that high-energy gamma rays can arise from cosmic ray interactions with the interstellar gas, he used early satellite data to argue for the galactic origin of intermediate-energy cosmic rays and for studies of the distribution of molecular hydrogen. His interests in astronomy, which he firmly held to be a branch of physics, drove him to develop a world-class activity in this area at Durham University. This achievement, in part, led to him being appointed Astronomer Royal in 1991. He used this position, and his roles as president of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Institute of Physics and the European Physical Society, to lobby tirelessly for more governmental support for science. He was an early advocate for improvements in the public understanding of science, leading by example. In his later years Arnold's interests extended to cosmology and horology, and he argued against a possible connection between cosmic rays and global warming. A brilliant communicator, Arnold gave a huge number of lectures each year to general audiences, almost to the end of his life.

scholarly journals CaloCube and “Tracker In Calorimeter” projects for the direct measurement of high energy charged astro-particles and gamma rays.

2019 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 01039
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Pacini ◽  
Nicola Mori
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Radiation Detection ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Electromagnetic Showers ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Large Acceptance

Measurements of high energy cosmic rays in the “knee” region (about 1015 eV) are currently available only with ground detectors: new observations of cosmic particles up to these energies with direct measurements are one of the main goals of the next generation space experiments. To achieve those aims, a large acceptance, good energy resolution and particle identification are needed. CaloCube is the design of a space borne calorimeter which is capable to accept particles coming from any direction, increasing the acceptance with respect to traditional telescopes. A good performance for both hadronic and electromagnetic showers is achieved with a 3-D sampling capability: the basic picture of CaloCube is a cubic homogeneous calorimeter which consists of cubic scintillating crystals. MC simulations, concerning different materials and geometrical configurations, and several beam tests with different versions of the CaloCube prototype have been employed to optimize both the detector design and the data analysis method. Taking advantage of the CaloCube project, the space experiment HERD (“High Energy Cosmic Radiation Detection”) will include a large acceptance cubic calorimeter with cubic LYSO crystals. It will be installed on-board of the Chinese space station around 2025. Beside the charged particle observations, high energy gamma-rays provide direct information about the galactic cosmic ray sources. A new project named “Tracker In Calorimeter” (TIC) was approved by INFN in 2017 with the main purpose of the optimization of the calorimeter design for the reconstruction of the gamma-ray direction, without the requirement of additional not homogeneous pre-shower detector. A TIC prototype was recently assembled and tested at the PS-CERN and SPS-CERN accelerators.

scholarly journals High-energy Neutrino Astronomy: From AMANDA to IceCube

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Francis Halzen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Detectors ◽  
First Results ◽  
Cosmic Neutrino ◽  
Observational Fact ◽  
Neutrino Astronomy ◽  
Particle Nature ◽  
Neutrino Fluxes

AbstractKilometer-scale neutrino detectors such as IceCube are discovery instruments covering nuclear and particle physics, cosmology and astronomy. Examples of their multidisciplinary missions include the search for the particle nature of dark matter and for additional small dimensions of space. In the end, their conceptual design is very much anchored to the observational fact that Nature accelerates protons and photons to energies in excess of 1020 and 1013 eV, respectively. The cosmic ray connection sets the scale of cosmic neutrino fluxes. In this context, we discuss the first results of the completed AMANDA detector and the reach of its extension, IceCube.

scholarly journals UVscope and its application aboard the ASTRI-Horn telescope

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Concetta Maccarone ◽  
Giovanni La Rosa ◽  
Osvaldo Catalano ◽  
Salvo Giarrusso ◽  
Alberto Segreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Light Flux ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
High Energy Astrophysics ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Photon Counting Mode

AbstractUVscope is an instrument, based on a multi-pixel photon detector, developed to support experimental activities for high-energy astrophysics and cosmic ray research. The instrument, working in single photon counting mode, is designed to directly measure light flux in the wavelengths range 300-650 nm. The instrument can be used in a wide field of applications where the knowledge of the nocturnal environmental luminosity is required. Currently, one UVscope instrument is allocated onto the external structure of the ASTRI-Horn Cherenkov telescope devoted to the gamma-ray astronomy at very high energies. Being co-aligned with the ASTRI-Horn camera axis, UVscope can measure the diffuse emission of the night sky background simultaneously with the ASTRI-Horn camera, without any interference with the main telescope data taking procedures. UVscope is properly calibrated and it is used as an independent reference instrument for test and diagnostic of the novel ASTRI-Horn telescope.

scholarly journals Neutrino Astronomy with IceCube

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S324) ◽  
pp. 322-329
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Glacial Ice ◽  
Astrophysical Neutrinos ◽  
Charged Secondary ◽  
Neutrino Astronomy ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic kilometer neutrino telescope located at the Geographic South Pole. Cherenkov radiation emitted by charged secondary particles from neutrino interactions is observed by IceCube using an array of 5160 photomultiplier tubes embedded between a depth of 1.5 km to 2.5 km in the Antarctic glacial ice. The detection of astrophysical neutrinos is a primary goal of IceCube and has now been realized with the discovery of a diffuse, high-energy flux consisting of neutrino events from tens of TeV up to several PeV. Many analyses have been performed to identify the source of these neutrinos: correlations with active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts, and the galactic plane. IceCube also conducts multi-messenger campaigns to alert other observatories of possible neutrino transients in real-time. However, the source of these neutrinos remains elusive as no corresponding electromagnetic counterparts have been identified. This proceeding will give an overview of the detection principles of IceCube, the properties of the observed astrophysical neutrinos, the search for corresponding sources (including real-time searches), and plans for a next-generation neutrino detector, IceCube–Gen2.

scholarly journals SEARCH FOR NEUTRINO EMISSION FROM GAMMA-RAY SOURCES WITH THE ANTARES TELESCOPE

2012 ◽  
Vol 08 ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
C. BIGONGIARI
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Neutrino Flux ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neutrino Telescope ◽  
Neutrino Detector ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Cosmic Neutrino ◽  
Promising Source

ANTARES is the first undersea neutrino detector ever built and presently the neutrino telescope with the largest effective area operating in the Northern Hemisphere. A three-dimensional array of photomultiplier tubes detects the Cherenkov light induced by the muons produced in the interaction of high energy neutrinos with the matter surrounding the detector. The detection of astronomical neutrino sources is one of the main goals of ANTARES. The search for point-like neutrino sources with the ANTARES telescope is described and the preliminary results obtained with data collected from 2007 to 2010 are shown. No cosmic neutrino source has been observed and neutrino flux upper limits have been calculated for the most promising source candidates.

scholarly journals Molecular Clouds Observed by the EGRET Gamma-Ray Telescope

1997 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 22-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth. W. Digel ◽  
Stanley D. Hunter ◽  
Reshmi Mukherjee ◽  
Eugéne J. de Geus ◽  
Isabelle A. Grenier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Molecular Clouds ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Background Rejection ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Production Mechanisms

EGRET, the high-energy γ-ray telescope on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, has the sensitivity, angular resolution, and background rejection necessary to study diffuse γ-ray emission from the interstellar medium (ISM). High-energy γ rays produced in cosmic-ray (CR) interactions in the ISM can be used to determine the CR density and calibrate the CO line as a tracer of molecular mass. Dominant production mechanisms for γ rays of energies ∼30 MeV–30 GeV are the decay of pions produced in collisions of CR protons with ambient matter and Bremsstrahlung scattering of CR electrons.

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