MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF ORDINAL CLASSIFICATION

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1173-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAIME S. CARDOSO ◽  
RICARDO SOUSA
Keyword(s):  
Ordinal Data ◽  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
Misclassification Error ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Ordinal Classification ◽  
Error Coefficient ◽  
Misclassification Error Rate ◽  
True Dimension ◽  
The Ideal

Ordinal classification is a form of multiclass classification for which there is an inherent order between the classes, but not a meaningful numeric difference between them. The performance of such classifiers is usually assessed by measures appropriate for nominal classes or for regression. Unfortunately, these do not account for the true dimension of the error. The goal of this work is to show that existing measures for evaluating ordinal classification models suffer from a number of important shortcomings. For this reason, we propose an alternative measure defined directly in the confusion matrix. An error coefficient appropriate for ordinal data should capture how much the result diverges from the ideal prediction and how "inconsistent" the classifier is in regard to the relative order of the classes. The proposed coefficient results from the observation that the performance yielded by the Misclassification Error Rate coefficient is the benefit of the path along the diagonal of the confusion matrix. We carry out an experimental study which confirms the usefulness of the novel metric.

L’absence qui devient présence : la vie et l’Idée dans Sixtine de Remy de Gourmont

2011 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Agata Sadkowska-Fidala
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Principal Character ◽  
Ideal Woman ◽  
The Ideal

Sixtine by Remy de Gourmont marks the refusal of nature and tangible reality and the choice of imagination to the detriment of reality. Its principal character, Hubert d’Entragues is a faithful disciple of idealism of symbolism. Since he chooses to think rather that to live, it is not surprising that the plot of the novel is almost nonexistent. The plot develops around of d’Entragues’ desire to win the beautiful Sixtine, which is in itself condemned to failure since he is doing nothing to reach her and refuses to take any effort. The woman, who could have served as the principal impulse of the plot, is practically inexistent in this story (though it is a passionate story) and is replaced by the ideal woman: the story is doubled by the second story, e.g. a novel written by the character which is a transposition of his “cerebral” relation with Sixtine and a realisation of presence of the latter. Art replaces life and life does not exist in itself. It is shaped by thought. But the chosen absence of any facts of life is fruitful: it gives birth to a novel. It is a story of a prisoner in love with the statute of the Virgin which he sees while taking a daily walk. In this novel the carnal accomplishment is not necessary in order for a true and sincere passion to develop and the satisfaction of desire may destroy the dream and the ideal.

COMPARATIVE LITERATURE: EAST AND WEST STUDIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (09) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Aziza Komilovna Akhmedova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
World Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Aesthetic Ideal ◽  
The Ideal

The article analyzes the results of the research on the representation of the aesthetic ideal through the image of the ideal hero in two national literatures. For research purposes, attention was paid to highlighting the category of the ideal hero as an expression of the author's aesthetic views. In Sinclair Lewis’s “Arrowsmith” and Pirimkul Kodirov's “The Three Roots”, the protagonists artistically reflect the authors' views on truth, virtue, and beauty. In these novels, professional ethics is described as a high noble value. The scientific novelty of the research work includes the following: in the evolution of western and eastern poetic thought, in the context of the novel genre, the skill, common and distinctive aspects of the creation of an ideal hero were revealed by synthesis of effective methods in world science with literary criteria in the history of eastern and western literary studies, in the example of Sinclair Lewis and Pirimkul Kodirov.

scholarly journals Objective Evaluation of Deep Uncertainty Predictions for COVID-19 Detection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamzeh Asgharnezhad ◽  
Afshar Shamsi ◽  
Roohallah Alizadehsani ◽  
Abbas Khosravi ◽  
Saeid Nahavandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Quantification ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
The Novel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Novel Concept

Abstract Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely applied for detecting COVID-19 in medical images. Existing studies mainly apply transfer learning and other data representation strategies to generate accurate point estimates. The generalization power of these networks is always questionable due to being developed using small datasets and failing to report their predictive confidence. Quantifying uncertainties associated with DNN predictions is a prerequisite for their trusted deployment in medical settings. Here we apply and evaluate three uncertainty quantification techniques for COVID-19 detection using chest X-Ray (CXR) images. The novel concept of uncertainty confusion matrix is proposed and new performance metrics for the objective evaluation of uncertainty estimates are introduced. Through comprehensive experiments, it is shown that networks pertained on CXR images outperform networks pretrained on natural image datasets such as ImageNet. Qualitatively and quantitatively evaluations also reveal that the predictive uncertainty estimates are statistically higher for erroneous predictions than correct predictions. Accordingly, uncertainty quantification methods are capable of flagging risky predictions with high uncertainty estimates. We also observe that ensemble methods more reliably capture uncertainties during the inference. DNN-based solutions for COVID-19 detection have been mainly proposed without any principled mechanism for risk mitigation. Previous studies have mainly focused on on generating single-valued predictions using pretrained DNNs. In this paper, we comprehensively apply and comparatively evaluate three uncertainty quantification techniques for COVID-19 detection using chest X-Ray images. The novel concept of uncertainty confusion matrix is proposed and new performance metrics for the objective evaluation of uncertainty estimates are introduced for the first time. Using these new uncertainty performance metrics, we quantitatively demonstrate where and when we could trust DNN predictions for COVID-19 detection from chest X-rays. It is important to note the proposed novel uncertainty evaluation metrics are generic and could be applied for evaluation of probabilistic forecasts in all classification problems.

Proust's Metaphors from the Natural and the Exact Sciences

PMLA ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1038-1059
Author(s):  
Reino Virtanen
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Artistic Value ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Elective Affinities ◽  
The Ideal

Goethe with his elective affinities, Stendhal with his cristallisation, are among Marcel Proust's forerunners in the use of scientific analogies in fiction. In our time, D. H. Lawrence has made his readers familiar with electricity as an analogue for the passion of love. But it seems safe to say that no writer has ever made more varied and skillful use of metaphors from science than Proust. This is the more remarkable because A la Recherche du Temps perdu is better known for the allusions to painting and music than for the allusions to science. Admirers like André Maurois, Camille Vettard, and Jean Mouton content themselves with citing a few examples. A study of Proust's analogies from the sciences is interesting for several reasons. There is, for one thing, the question of Proust's scientific culture. Another question is the value of these analogies for clarification of the phenomena described. A third point of interest concerns their artistic value. Do they come up to the ideal of the author who wrote: “Je crois que la métaphore seule peut donner une sorte d'éternité au style … ”? What is the function of these metaphors in the novel conceived as a work of art?

The Problem of “Higher Individuals” in the Works of F.M. Dostoevsky

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Li Xiaoyu ◽  
I.I. Evlampiev
Keyword(s):  
Personal Accomplishment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Traditional Church ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Existential Crisis ◽  
Kingdom Of Heaven ◽  
The World ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

This article deals with the controversial issue of F.M. Dostoevsky’s concept of “Higher Individuals.” The latter are people who rise above other people and have a special influence on society and on history. The authors argue that this concept is most clearly expressed in “The Diary of a Writer” (1876) as well as in the story “The Sentence”, along with Dostoevsky’s commentaries on this story. By means of a detailed analysis of Raskolnikov’s “theory” within the novel “Crime and Punishment”, it is demonstrated that only a superficial version of the concept of “higher individuals” is refuted in the heroes’ argumentations; at the same time, the novel’s characters – Marmeladov, his wife Katerina Ivanovna, and Raskolnikov – can be viewed as examples of different degrees in the personal accomplishment of this “higher personality” state. In conclusion, it is observed how a person must go through three stages of development in order to become a “higher character”: firstly, the experience of an existential crisis and the understanding of the lack of meaning in one’s life; secondly, the “rebellion” against the Creator of the world and its laws along with the rejection of the traditional church faith, whose rejection leads this person on the edge of suicide; thirdly, the acquisition of a new faith, first of all, a faith in one’s immortality, which happens in an unusual, unorthodox form, as is well demonstrated by the character of Svidrigailov in Dostoevsky’s novel. According to Dostoevsky’s doctrine, the meaning ofimmortality lies in the continuation of a person’s existence in a new form in the earthly world or in a “parallel” world similar to the earthly one, and not in the ideal Kingdom of Heaven, as the church claims. Finally, the authors maintain that the process of a character’s transformation into a “higher individual” was consistently and fully described by Dostoevsky in the stories of Raskolnikov and Ivan Karamazov.

“La marquise sortit à cinq heures”

PMLA ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1644-1648
Author(s):  
Albert Chesneau
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
First Person ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Nouveau Roman ◽  
The Ideal

Simple structural analysis applied to passages cited from the works of André Breton elucidates the reasons for his condemnation of the statement La marquise sortit à cinq heures (see his Manifeste du surréalisme, 1924) as non-poetic. This study demonstrates the opposition existing between the above-mentioned realist sentence, essentially non-subjective (third-person subject), non-actual (past tense predicate), contextual (context can be supposed), and prosaic (lack of imagery), and on the other hand a theoretic surrealist sentence, essentially subjective (first-person subject), actual (present tense predicate), and non-contextual, producing a shock-image. In reality, Breton's surrealistic phrase does not always contain all of these qualities at once. However, in contrast to the condemned phrase which contains none at all, it does always manifest at least one of these characteristics, the most important having reference to the evocative power of the shock-image. A final comparison with a sentence quoted from Robbe-Grillet, the theoretician of the “nouveau roman”, proves that even though it may appear objective, the surrealist phrase is really not so. In conclusion, the four characteristics of the ideal surrealist sentence—subjectivity, actuality, non-contextuality, and ability to produce shock-images—create a poetics of discontinuity opposed to the classical art of narration as found traditionally in the novel. (In French)

Proposal of Finishing Method of MLA Mold Applied Sphere Indentation

2013 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 475-480
Author(s):  
Yasunori Kobayashi ◽  
Ryo Ishida ◽  
Haruhisa Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lens Array ◽  
Finished Surface ◽  
Improvement Effect ◽  
Micro Lens Array ◽  
Micro Lens ◽  
Previous Step ◽  
The Ideal

In this study, the novel finishing method of the Micro Lens Array mold is proposed. This method combines the cutting by a ball-endmill and the finishing by sphere indentation. In the previous step, U-shape grooves intersected at right angle are machined by a ball-endmill. In the following step, the ball tool indents at the intersection between U-shape grooves, consequently, the aiming lens form and the aiming surface roughness are obtained. From the results of the manufacturing experiments of the MLA mold by this method, the following are made clear : The proposed method is effective to suppress the deformation of neighboring lens forms caused by following indentation. The improvement effect of sphere indentation on the finished surface roughness is remarkable in the early stage of indentation. The transcribing deviations are 12μm or less in comparison between the radius of lens form and the ideal value regardless of radii in grooves previously cut. In case of the indentation of neighboring four (2 × 2) lenses, the deviation reduces down to 3μm.

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF Si20 FULLERENE AND SOLID Si20

1996 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 721-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSUMU SAITO
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Level Density ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Metal Atoms ◽  
The Density Functional Theory ◽  
Real Geometry ◽  
Bond Network ◽  
The Ideal

The electronic structure of the dodecahedral Si 20 fullerene obtained in the density-functional theory is discussed. In addition, the Si 46 lattice, which is known to be the real geometry of the Si atoms when crystallized with metal atoms, is pointed out to be essentially solid Si 20, and its geometrical and electronic properties are also discussed. The novel pentagonal bond network in these materials is found to have strong influence on their electronic structure. In the case of Na 2 Ba 6 Si 46, which is the ideal phase of superconducting-doped solid Si 20, the high Fermi-level density of states due to the hybridization between the Ba states and the Si 46 conduction-band states is considered to be important for the observed superconductivity.

scholarly journals Klasifikasi sinopsis novel menggunakan metode naïve bayes classifier

Repositor ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Vinna Rahmayanti ◽  
Setio Basuki ◽  
Hilman Hilman
Keyword(s):  
Naive Bayes ◽  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
Naïve Bayes ◽  
Training Data ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Naive Bayes Classifier ◽  
Bayes Classifier ◽  
Naïve Bayes Classifier ◽  
Romantic Comedy ◽  
Document Frequency

It is undeniable that technological progress is developing very quickly in the field of computers, now with computers the work that was originally done by humans can be taken over by computers to help human work itself, like case studi of this research is a system that can classification the text like synopsis into genre group. Genre is the style of story in a novel, there are many genres in the novel that are expected to be romantic, comedy, mystery, horror and others, by knowing the genre of the novel the reader will be able to know the story style of the novel. The method used in this research is TF-IDF (Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency) and Naïve Bayes Classifier. The TF-IDF method is used to get the weight of each word contained in the resulting document is used in the Naïve Bayes Classifier method to get the synopsis classification results into genre. Based on the evaluation using a confusion matrix using 600 training data and 200 test data obtained an accuracy of 80.5%.AbstractIt is undeniable that technological progress is developing very quickly in the field of computers, now with computers the work that was originally done by humans can be taken over by computers to help human work itself, like case studi of this research is a system that can classification the text like synopsis into genre group. Genre is the style of story in a novel, there are many genres in the novel that are expected to be romantic, comedy, mystery, horror and others, by knowing the genre of the novel the reader will be able to know the story style of the novel. The method used in this research is TF-IDF (Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency) and Naïve Bayes Classifier. The TF-IDF method is used to get the weight of each word contained in the resulting document is used in the Naïve Bayes Classifier method to get the synopsis classification results into genre. Based on the evaluation using a confusion matrix using 600 training data and 200 test data obtained an accuracy of 80.5%.

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