COOLING OF RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS IN TEV BLAZARS: CLUES FROM MULTIWAVELENGTH SPECTRA

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 1591-1601
Author(s):  
R. SCHLICKEISER
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Kinetic Energy Density ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
The Magnetic Field

In powerful cosmic nonthermal radiation sources with dominant magnetic-field self generation, the generation of magnetic fields at almost equipartition strength by relativistic plasma instabilities operates as fast as the acceleration or injection of ultra-high energy radiating electrons and hadrons in these sources. Consequently, the magnetic field strength becomes time-dependent and adjusts itself to the actual kinetic energy density of the radiating electrons in these sources. This coupling of the magnetic field and the magnetic field energy density to the kinetic energy of the radiating particles changes both the intrinsic temporal evolution of the relativistic particle energy spectrum after injection and the synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton emissivities.

scholarly journals PRESSURE OF DEGENERATE AND RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS IN A SUPERHIGH MAGNETIC FIELD

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (36) ◽  
pp. 1350138 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHI FU GAO ◽  
NA WANG ◽  
QIU HE PENG ◽  
XIANG DONG LI ◽  
YUAN JIE DU
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Oblate Spheroid ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Electron Pressure ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
Qed Effects ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Based on our previous work, we deduce a general formula for pressure of degenerate and relativistic electrons, Pe, which is suitable for superhigh magnetic fields, discuss the quantization of Landau levels of electrons, and consider the quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects on the equations of states (EOSs) for different matter systems. The main conclusions are as follows: Pe is related to the magnetic field B, matter density ρ, and electron fraction Ye; the stronger the magnetic field, the higher the electron pressure becomes; the high electron pressure could be caused by high Fermi energy of electrons in a superhigh magnetic field; compared with a common radio pulsar, a magnetar could be a more compact oblate spheroid-like deformed neutron star (NS) due to the anisotropic total pressure; and an increase in the maximum mass of a magnetar is expected because of the positive contribution of the magnetic field energy to the EOS of the star.

scholarly journals The Measurement of Solar Magnetic Fields

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques M. Beckers
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
Zeeman Effect ◽  
Kinetic Energy Density ◽  
Solar Magnetic Fields ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The different methods which have been used, or which may be used in the future, to measure solar magnetic fields are described and discussed. Roughly these can be divided into three groups (a) those which use the influence of the magnetic field on the electromagnetic radiation, (b) those which use the influence of the field on the structure of the solar atmosphere (MHD effects), and (c) those which use theoretical arguments. The former include the Zeeman effect, the Hanle effect, the gyro and synchrotron radiations and the Faraday rotation of radiowaves. The second includes the alignment of details at all levels of the solar atmosphere, and the calcium network, and the third makes use, for example, of the assumption of equipartition between magnetic and kinetic energy density.

scholarly journals On the fractal nature of the magnetic field energy density in the solar wind

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hnat ◽  
S. C. Chapman ◽  
K. Kiyani ◽  
G. Rowlands ◽  
N. W. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Fractal Nature ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
Field Energy Density ◽  
The Magnetic Field

scholarly journals Estimating the magnetic energy inside traveling compression regions

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1969-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Kiehas ◽  
V. S. Semenov ◽  
H. K. Biernat ◽  
V. V. Ivanova ◽  
R. Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Theoretical Result ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Plasma Energy ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract. We investigate a series of six TCRs (traveling compression regions), appearing in the course of a small substorm on 19 September 2001. Except for two of these TCRs, all Cluster spacecraft were located in the lobe and detected the typical signatures of TCRs, i.e., compressions in |B| and bipolar Bz variations. We use these perturbations in Bz for calculations on the magnetic energy inside the TCR and compare the amount of magnetic field energy with the kinetic energy inside the underlying plasma bulge. According to results obtained from theory, the amount of magnetic energy inside TCRs is about two times higher than the kinetic plasma energy inside the accompanied plasma bulge. We verify this theoretical result by first investigations of the magnetic field energy inside TCRs. The calculations lead to a magnetic energy in the order of 1010 Joule per RE for each of the TCRs.

scholarly journals Very High-Energy Emission from the Direct Vicinity of Rapidly Rotating Black Holes

Galaxies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouichi Hirotani
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Accretion Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
The Magnetic Field

When a black hole accretes plasmas at very low accretion rate, an advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) is formed. In an ADAF, relativistic electrons emit soft gamma-rays via Bremsstrahlung. Some MeV photons collide with each other to materialize as electron-positron pairs in the magnetosphere. Such pairs efficiently screen the electric field along the magnetic field lines, when the accretion rate is typically greater than 0.03–0.3% of the Eddington rate. However, when the accretion rate becomes smaller than this value, the number density of the created pairs becomes less than the rotationally induced Goldreich–Julian density. In such a charge-starved magnetosphere, an electric field arises along the magnetic field lines to accelerate charged leptons into ultra-relativistic energies, leading to an efficient TeV emission via an inverse-Compton (IC) process, spending a portion of the extracted hole’s rotational energy. In this review, we summarize the stationary lepton accelerator models in black hole magnetospheres. We apply the model to super-massive black holes and demonstrate that nearby low-luminosity active galactic nuclei are capable of emitting detectable gamma-rays between 0.1 and 30 TeV with the Cherenkov Telescope Array.

scholarly journals Finite size scaling in the solar wind magnetic field energy density as seen by WIND

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 86-1-86-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hnat ◽  
S. C. Chapman ◽  
G. Rowlands ◽  
N. W. Watkins ◽  
W. M. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Finite Size Scaling ◽  
Size Scaling ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
Solar Wind Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Energy Density

scholarly journals Relationship Between Pulsar and Nebula

1971 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 389-391
Author(s):  
L. Woltjer
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
Supernova Explosion ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
The Crab Nebula ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The magnetic field and the relativistic electrons in the Crab Nebula cannot have originated at the time of the supernova explosion. The energy density in the magnetic field is so large that it must have been generated using the energy supply in the pulsar. The energies of the electrons are so high, and their lifetimes correspondingly are so short, that they must have been accelerated, again using the pulsar energy. The efficiency of these processes must be high, but there is an adequate energy supply.

scholarly journals Absorption of Curvature Radiation

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
VV Zheleznyakov ◽  
VE Shaposhnikov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
Magnetic Energy Density ◽  
Curvature Radiation ◽  
Maser Effect ◽  
Field Lines

The reabsorption of curvature radiation, i.e. radiation from relativistic electrons moving along curved magnetic field lines, is discussed. The optical depth for the ray path is calculated by use of the Einstein coefficients. It is shown that the optical depth becomes negative (maser effect) if transitions between Landau levels are absent. However, maser action is ineffective if the energy density of the relativistic particles is less than that of the magnetic field. For pulsar radio emission the magnetic energy density is assumed to exceed the particle energy density, so the observed emission cannot be coherent curvature radiation.

scholarly journals Fast magnetic energy dissipation in relativistic plasma induced by high order laser modes

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Gu ◽  
Q. Yu ◽  
O. Klimo ◽  
T. Zh. Esirkepov ◽  
S. V. Bulanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Collisionless Plasma ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Displacement Current ◽  
Particle In Cell ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
High Energy Electrons

Fast magnetic field annihilation in a collisionless plasma is induced by using TEM(1,0) laser pulse. The magnetic quadrupole structure formation, expansion and annihilation stages are demonstrated with 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The magnetic field energy is converted to the electric field and accelerate the particles inside the annihilation plane. A bunch of high energy electrons moving backwards is detected in the current sheet. The strong displacement current is the dominant contribution which induces the longitudinal inductive electric field.

scholarly journals New Superconductivity and Theoretical Study on a New Phenomenon of Energy Source with Assistance of Initial Experiments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Ishiguri
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Source ◽  
Electrostatic Field ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Depletion Layer ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
A Current

We previously reported new superconductivity produced by an electrostatic field and a diffusion current in a semiconductor without refrigeration. In particular, the superconductivity was investigated theoretically and confirmed experimentally. Here, we determine that the derived superconducting quantum state can be reproduced in a capacitor. When circuits are formed with this new-type capacitor and diodes, a magnetic field is applied to the diodes’ depletion layer. The depletion layer is biased because of the conversion from the magnetic-field energy to electric-field energy, resulting in the diodes’ spontaneously emitting a current. Thus, the new-type capacitor is charged using no other energy source. This new phenomenon is described theoretically with assistance of initial experiments.

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