GAIT DIVISION OF HEALTHY AND SPINAL CORD–INJUREDRHESUS MONKEYSBY ONE-DIMENSIONAL TOE SIGNALS

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850017 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. ZHAO ◽  
W. SONG ◽  
J. S. RAO ◽  
R. H. WEI ◽  
L. F. LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Analysis Calculation ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured ◽  
Treadmill Belt

Spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause disastrous damage to human locomotion and ultimately make patients suffer from gait anomaly. In the extensive SCI research, the locomotion function serves as a vital standard not only for revealing the underlying SCI mechanism but also for evaluating the clinical therapy. Gait division is the basis of gait analysis. Calculation of gait parameters is available for locomotion function evaluation only when gait cycles are accurately divided. Based on the characteristics of stride height, which is defined as the real-time height of toes vertical to the running direction of a treadmill belt, this study presented three automatic gait division methods, divided the gait cycles for healthy and spinal cord-injured rhesus monkeys, established the evaluation standards, and made comparison of these three methods. For the healthy, injured and mixed groups, the overall accuracies of these three methods were respectively 0.871[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.223, 0.570[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.372, and 0.720[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.339 (method 1); 0.658[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.245, 0.737[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.206, and 0.698[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.228 (method 2); 0.966[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.060, 0.759[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.343, and 0.863[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.265 (method 3). The results show that the stride height characteristics combined with the filter technique may help realize the adequate gait division.

MSC secreted extracellular vesicles carrying TGF-beta upregulate Smad 6 expression and promote the regrowth of neurons in spinal cord injured rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Han ◽  
Peiwen Song ◽  
Zuomeng Wu ◽  
Xiang Xia ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Type I ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured ◽  
Feedback Regulator

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) as they can provide a favorable environment for the regrowth of neurons and axons by inhibiting receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) in endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs). However, their mechanism of action and effect on the expression of inhibitory Smads (I-Smads) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from MSCs were able to upregulate the Smad 6 expression by carrying TGF-β. Smad 6 knockdown in NSCs partly weakened the BMSC-EVs-induced effect on neural differentiation. In spinal cord injured rats, we found that in the acute phase of injury, the Smad 6 expression was not reduced by the treatment of TGF-β type I receptor kinase inhibitor SB431542, indicating that the Smad 6 expression was not only mediated TGF-β, the inflammatory factors and BMPs were also involved. However, in the later phase of SCI, the Smad 6 expression was reduced by the addition of SB 431542, suggesting in this phase, TGF-β played a key role on the mediation of Smad 6 expression. In addition, by immunohistochemistry staining, Hematoxylin-eosin staining and BBB scores, we revealed that the early inhibition of TGF-β did not increase the regrowth of neurons. Instead, it increased the volume of cavity and the Caspase-3 expression at 24h post-injury, leading to a wore functional outcome. In contrast the later treatment of the TGF-β inhibitor promoted the regrowth of neurons around the cavity, resulting into a better neurological outcome. Together all these results indicated that Smad 6 acts as a feedback regulator to prevents over-differentiation of NSCs to astrocytes and BMSC-EVs can upregulate Smad 6 expression by the carring TGF-β.

scholarly journals Combination of defined CatWalk gait parameters for predictive locomotion recovery in experimental spinal cord injury rat models

eNeuro ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. ENEURO.0497-20.2021
Author(s):  
Ivanna K. Timotius ◽  
Lara Bieler ◽  
Sebastien Couillard-Despres ◽  
Beatrice Sandner ◽  
Daniel Garcia-Ovejero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Experimental Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Cord Injury

The management of fertility in spinal cord injury

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Fode ◽  
Jens Sønksen
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Sperm Retrieval ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured

While spinal cord injury (SCI) does not affect female fertility, the condition most often results in infertility in males due to anejaculation and reduced semen quality. Anejaculation is caused by disruption of the autonomic nerve fibres, which are normally responsible for the ejaculation. The reason for the poor sperm quality has not been firmly established. If spinal cord injured men cannot ejaculate by sexual intercourse or masturbation, ejaculation can be induced by either penile vibratory stimulation or electroejaculation. Only if these methods fail should surgical sperm retrieval be considered. The method of insemination depends largely on the total motile sperm count and patient preference. With the right treatment, it is possible for most SCI men to have children.

scholarly journals Psychiatric aspects of spinal cord injury

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
A. J. Lasich
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured

The nature of behavioural and emotional reactions displayed by persons with spinal cord injury are described and the value of psychiatric involvement in the routine management is discussed. The importance of emotional care of spinal cord injured patients is emphasized with reference to certain general principles. The psychiatrist should be accessible to both staff and patients for ventilation of feelings. 

scholarly journals Epidemiolgy of spinal cord injury after acute odontoid fractures

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Harrop ◽  
Ashwini D. Sharan ◽  
Gregory J. Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Cervical Canal ◽  
Associated Injuries ◽  
Odontoid Fractures ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured

Object Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) after odontoid fracture is unusual. To identify predisposing factors, the authors evaluated a consecutive series of patients who sustained SCI from odontoid fractures. Methods A consecutive series of 5096 admissions to the Delaware Valley Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center were reviewed, and 126 patients with neurological impairment at the C1–3 levels were identified. Seventeen patients had acute closed odontoid fractures with neurological deficit. Various parameters including demographics, mechanisms of injury, associated injuries, fracture types/displacements, and radiographic cervical canal dimensions were compared between “complete” and “incomplete” spinal cord injured–patients as well as with neurologically intact patients who had suffered odontoid fractures. There were similar demographics, mechanisms of injury, associated injuries, fracture type/displacement, and canal dimensions in patients with complete and incomplete SCIs. However, only patients with complete injury were ventilator dependent. In comparison with patients with intact spinal cords, spinal cord–injured patients were more commonly males (p = 0.011) who had sustained higher velocity injuries (p = 0.027). The computerized tomography scans of 11 of 17 neurologically impaired patients were compared with those of a random sample of 11 patients with intact spinal cords. Although the anteroposterior diameter (p = 0.028) and cross-sectional area (p = 0.0004) of the cervical spinal canal at the C–2 level were smaller in impaired patients, the displacement of the fragment was not different. Conclusions Odontoid fractures are an infrequent cause of SCI. Patients with these injuries typically are males who have smaller spinal canals and have sustained high velocity injuries.

scholarly journals Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributions to Seated Balance in the Sagittal and Coronal Planes: Implications for Trunk Control After Spinal Cord Injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musa L. Audu ◽  
Ronald J. Triolo
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Active System ◽  
Trunk Control ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Seated Balance ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Trunk Orientation ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured

The contributions of intrinsic (passive) and extrinsic (active) properties of the human trunk, in terms of the simultaneous actions about the hip and spinal joints, to the control of sagittal and coronal seated balance were examined. Able-bodied (ABD) and spinal-cord-injured (SCI) volunteers sat on a moving platform which underwent small amplitude perturbations in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions while changes to trunk orientation were measured. A linear parametric model that related platform movement to trunk angle was fit to the experimental data by identifying model parameters in the time domain. The results showed that spinal cord injury leads to a systematic reduction in the extrinsic characteristics, while most of the intrinsic characteristics were rarely affected. In both SCI and ABD individuals, passive characteristics alone were not enough to maintain seated balance. Passive stiffness in the ML direction was almost 3 times that in the AP direction, making more extrinsic mechanisms necessary for balance in the latter direction. Proportional and derivative terms of the extrinsic model made the largest contribution to the overall output from the active system, implying that a simple proportional plus derivative (PD) controller structure will suffice for restoring seated balance after spinal cord injury.

The Rehabilitation Problems and needs of the Spinal-Cord Injured: A Pilot Study

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Felice ◽  
John E. Muthard ◽  
Laurie S. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Counselors ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured

The findings of a pilot study of spinal-cord injury in Florida covering three topics are reported: 1) the incidence of spinal-cord injury in Florida, 2) the experiences of spinal-cord injured (SCI) persons and vocational rehabilitation counselors and their perceptions of the adequacy of their community's treatment and rehabilitation services for the SCI, and 3) the availability of facilities, equipment, and personnel for the care of SCI individuals in Florida. Recent developments in care for the SCI in Florida are discussed.

Neuroprotective effects of GYKI 52466 on experimental spinal cord injury in rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Çolak ◽  
Osman Soy ◽  
Hafize Uzun ◽  
Özcan Aslan ◽  
Seref Barut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gyki 52466 ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The toxic effects of glutamate in the central nervous system are well known. This neurotoxicity occurs through metabotropic and ionotropic receptors, the latter group composed of N-methyl-d-aspartate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid (AMPA), and kainate receptors. The authors investigated the neuroprotective effects of GYKI 52466, a 2,3-benzodiazepine that is a selective and potent AMPA receptor antagonist, in a rat spinal cord trauma model. Methods. Sixty Wistar albino rats were studied in three groups of 20 animals each: sham-operated controls (Group 1); spinal cord—injured rats (Group 2); and spinal cord—injured plus GYKI 52466—treated rats (Group 3). In Groups 2 and 3, spinal cord injury (SCI) was induced at the thoracic level by applying an aneurysm clip to the cord for 1 minute. One minute after the clip was removed, the rats in Group 3 received an intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg GYKI 52466. Responses to injury and treatment were evaluated based on biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation and adenosine 5′-triphosphate [ATP] levels in tissue), and on light and transmission electron microscopy findings in cord tissue collected at different times post-SCI. Five rats from each group underwent assessment of functional recovery at 1, 3, and 5 days after SCI; evaluation was performed using the inclined-plane technique and Tarlov motor grading scale. The mean lipid peroxidation levels in Groups 1 and 2 were 21.73 ± 4.35 and 35.53 ± 2.99 nmol/g of wet tissue, respectively. The level in Group 3 was 27.98 ± 3.93 nmol/g of wet tissue, which was significantly lower than that in Group 2 (p < 0.01). The mean ATP levels in Groups 1 and 2 were 166.21 ± 25.57 and 41.72 ± 12.28 nmol/g of wet tissue, respectively. The ATP level in Group 3 was 85.82 ± 13.92 nmol/g of wet tissue, which was significantly higher than that in Group 2 (p < 0.01). Light microscopic examination of Group 2 tissues showed hemorrhage, necrosis, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, and vascular thrombi. In contrast, the examination of Group 3 tissues showed limited hemorrhage and no necrosis or vascular thrombi. The most prominent findings in Group 2 were hemorrhage and necrosis, whereas the most prominent findings in Group 3 were focal hemorrhage and leukocyte infiltration. Electron microscopy demonstrated that GYKI 52466 protected the neurons, myelin, axons, and intracellular organelles. The mean inclined-plane angles in Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 65°, 40 to 45°, and 55°, respectively. Motor scale results in all groups showed a similar trend. Conclusions. The findings in this rat model suggest that GYKI 52466 may provide significant therapeutic protection from secondary damage after acute SCI. This agent may be a viable alternative treatment for SCI.

Opinions on the Preclinical Evaluation of Novel Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury: A Comparison between Researchers and Spinal Cord-Injured Individuals

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 2367-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K. Kwon ◽  
Arvindera Ghag ◽  
Leilani Reichl ◽  
Marcel F. Dvorak ◽  
Judy Illes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Preclinical Evaluation ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured

scholarly journals Effects of Genital Nerve Stimulation Amplitude on Bladder Capacity in Spinal Cord Injured Subjects

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Shauh-Der Yeh ◽  
Bor-Shing Lin ◽  
Shih-Ching Chen ◽  
Chih-Hwa Chen ◽  
Kenneth J. Gustafson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Detrusor Overactivity ◽  
Bladder Capacity ◽  
Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Capacity Gain ◽  
Spinal Cord Injured ◽  
Stimulation Amplitude

Background/Purpose. Few studies have investigated the effects of changing the amplitude of dorsal genital nerve stimulation (GNS) on the inhibition of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study determined the acute effects of changes in GNS amplitude on bladder capacity gain in individuals with SCI and neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Methods. Cystometry was used to assess the effects of continuous GNS on bladder capacity during bladder filling. The cystometric trials were conducted in a randomized sequence of cystometric fills with continuous GNS at stimulation amplitudes ranging from 1 to 4 times of threshold (T) required to elicit the genitoanal reflex. Results. The bladder capacity increased minimally and maximally by approximately 34% and 77%, respectively, of the baseline bladder capacity at 1.5 T and 3.2 T, respectively. Stimulation amplitude and bladder capacity were significantly correlated (R = 0.55, P = 0.01). Conclusion. This study demonstrates a linear correlation between the stimulation amplitude ranging from 1 to 4T and bladder capacity gain in individuals with SCI in acute GNS experiments. However, GNS amplitude out of the range of 1-4T might not be exactly a linear relationship due to subthreshold or saturation factors. Thus, further research is needed to examine this issue. Nevertheless, these results may be critical in laying the groundwork for understanding the effectiveness of acute GNS in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity.

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