Modeling to Evaluate Phosphate Solution Mining

1998 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
Muhammed Latif ◽  
Joe Harrington ◽  
Keith Prisbrey
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Solution Mining

Determination of Impurities in Perampanel Bulk Drugs by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Yan Xia ◽  
Qiao-Gen Zou ◽  
Yu-Fei Yang ◽  
Qian Sun ◽  
Cheng-Qun Han
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Related Impurities ◽  
Bulk Drug

Background: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been used to detect related impurities of perampanel. However, the detection of impurities is incomplete, and the limits of quantification and detection are high. A sensitive, reliable method is in badly to be developed and applied for impurity detection of perampanel bulk drug. Objective: Methodologies utilising HPLC and gas chromatography (GC) were established and validated for quantitative determination of perampanel and its related impurities (a total of 10 impurities including 2 genotoxic impurities). Methods: The separation was achieved on a Dikma Diamonsil C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase of 0.01 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (A) and acetonitrile (B) in gradient elution mode. The compound 2-bromopropane was determined on an Agilent DB-624 column (0.32 mm × 30 m, 1.8 μm) by electron capture detector (μ-ECD) with split injection ratio of 1:5 and proper gradient temperature program. Result: Both HPLC and GC methods were established and validated to be sensitive, accurate and robust according to International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The methods developed were linear in the selected concentration range (R 2≥0.9944). The average recovery of all impurities was between 92.6% and 103.3%. The possible production mechanism of impurities during the synthesis and degradation processes of perampanel bulk drug was also discussed. Five impurities were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Moreover, two of them were simultaneously characterized by LC-MS, IR and NMR. Conclusion: The HPLC and GC methods were developed and optimized, which could be applied for quantitative detection of the impurities, and further stability study of perampanel.

Parameter optimization of solution mining under nitrogen for the construction of a gas storage salt cavern

2021 ◽  
pp. 103954
Author(s):  
Jianfu Wang ◽  
Guoyin An ◽  
Baodong Shan ◽  
Wenquan Wang ◽  
Jianchao Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Optimization ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Salt Cavern ◽  
Solution Mining

scholarly journals Effects of solution mining of salt on wetland hydrology as inferred from tree rings

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Yanosky ◽  
William M. Kappel
Keyword(s):  
Tree Rings ◽  
Wetland Hydrology ◽  
Solution Mining

scholarly journals Mechanism of groundwater inrush hazard caused by solution mining in a multilayered rock-salt-mining area: a case study in Tongbai, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zeng ◽  
Tingting Shi ◽  
Zhihua Chen ◽  
Liu Xiang ◽  
Shaopeng Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Salt ◽  
Water Inrush ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Groundwater Inrush ◽  
Solution Mining ◽  
Brine Leakage ◽  
Salt Mining

Abstract. The solution mining of salt mineral resources may contaminate groundwater and lead to water inrush out of the ground due to brine leakage. Through the example of a serious groundwater inrush hazard in a large salt-mining area in Tongbai County, China, this study mainly aims to analyse the source and channel of the inrushing water. The mining area has three different types of ore beds including trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, with the formula Na2CO3 × NaHCO3 × 2H2O, it is a non-marine evaporite mineral), glauber (sodium sulfate, it is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2SO4 as well as several related hydrates) and gypsum (a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with chemical formula CaSO4 × 2H2O). Based on characterisation of the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the hydrochemical data of the groundwater at different points and depths were used to analyse the pollution source and the pollutant component from single or mixed brine by using physical–chemical reaction principle analysis and hydrogeochemical simulation method. Finally, a possible brine leakage connecting the channel to the ground was discussed from both the geological and artificial perspectives. The results reveal that the brine from the trona mine is the major pollution source; there is a NW–SE fissure zone controlled by the geological structure that provides the main channels through which brine can flow into the aquifer around the water inrush regions, with a large number of waste gypsum exploration boreholes channelling the polluted groundwater inrush out of the ground. This research can be a valuable reference for avoiding and assessing groundwater inrush hazards in similar rock-salt-mining areas, which is advantageous for both groundwater quality protection and public health.

scholarly journals MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED STARCH IN SITU

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 439-449
Author(s):  
GEORGE E. WHEELER
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Maximum ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Spectral Curves ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Many of the cells in stem sections of several Commelinaceae species synthesized much new starch when incubated in buffered 1% glucose 1-phosphate solution. The starch appeared in the cytoplasm rather than in the plastids. Although the starch I2-KI color was uniform within any one cell, there was considerable variation from cell to cell, even in the same section. The colors with I2-KI ranged from blue, through purples to magenta and mahogany. Tests with α-amylase and with β-amylase showed the starch to be amylose. Microspectrophotometrically determined extinction curves, based on the new starch in situ, varied with the visualized color. As expected, starch which stained blue with I2-KI had an absorption maximum in the orange-red wavelengths above 600 mµ; increasingly red I2-KI colors were characterized by shifts of the absorption maximum further into the shorter wavelengths. The course of new starch digestion by α-amylase and by β-amylase was followed visually and with the microspectrophotometer. Similarities and differences between these spectral curves and those published for in vitro studies are pointed out. The difficulties met with in using the microspectrophotometric method are discussed.

Polycythemia and hydration: effects on thermoregulation and blood volume during exercise-heat stress

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (3) ◽  
pp. R456-R463 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
R. R. Gonzalez ◽  
A. J. Young ◽  
S. R. Muza ◽  
K. B. Pandolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Glucose Phosphate ◽  
Humidity Environment

We studied the effects of autologous erythrocyte infusion on thermoregulation and blood volume during exercise in the heat. Specifically, we wanted to determine whether heat-acclimated subjects, as well as hypohydrated subjects, would have a thermoregulatory advantage from acute polycythemia during exercise in the heat. Five heat-acclimated males attempted four heat stress tests (HSTs): two pre- and two postinfusion. Autologous erythrocyte infusion was accomplished with 500 ml of a NaCl-glucose-phosphate solution containing approximately 60% hematocrit. One HST, both pre- and postinfusion, was done while subjects were euhydrated, and one HST was done while subjects were hypohydrated (-5% of body wt). After 30 min of rest in a 20 degrees C antechamber, the HST consisted of a 120-min exposure (2 repeats of 15 min rest and 45 min walking) in a hot (35 degrees C, 45% relative humidity) environment. The findings concerning acute polycythemia in heat-acclimated subjects are summarized: 1) polycythemia increased (P less than 0.05) sweating rate and reduced (P less than 0.01) core temperature during exercise-heat stress for both euhydrated and hypohydrated subjects; 2) the erythrocyte infusion caused an increased (P less than 0.05) plasma volume and increased (P less than 0.01) blood volume; 3) the increased plasma volume was associated with an increased (P less than 0.05) total circulating protein mass; 4) the increased total circulating protein mass tended to better maintain plasma volume when hypohydrated; and 5) heat acclimation may increase extravascular protein mass. Therefore, it is concluded that erythrocyte infusion provides a thermoregulatory advantage during exercise in the heat for heat acclimated subjects when both euhydrated and hypohydrated.

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