Vulnerability, Resilience and Transformation of Urban Areas in the Coastal Megacity Lagos: Findings of Local Assessments and a Household Survey in Highly Exposed Areas

Coastal urban regions in low-lying areas in developing countries are often hotspots of climate change related risks and therefore the analysis of different characteristics of vulnerability, resilience and transformation is an important prerequisite for planning and decision making. Even though the concepts of resilience and transformation have been discussed for some time, they often remain still very abstract. Against this background the following paper aims to illustrate how different characteristics of vulnerability: susceptibility, exposure and adaptation from resilience to transformative change can be assessed in practice at the level of individual households and different city districts. The household survey was conducted in four low-income, at risk areas in the coastal megacity of Lagos. It reveals important differences between the case study locations in terms of perceived capacities and actual responses of households to extreme events and creeping hazards. The analysis of behavioral changes undertaken after extreme events underscores that experience of loss and damage is an important stimulus for people to change their behavior. Moreover perception of actual and future risk management capacities and the performance of government institutions influences risk management regimes at the household level. It was found that at risk populations experienced both, inaction from government and individual households. This is a corrective to the majority literature that focuses on proactive local or government action. In fact, these examples of success may be quite rare and were not found in the four settlements studied in this research. The survey is part of a larger international project regarding the Transformation and Resilience of Urban Coasts (TRUC (2016). Transformation fo urban coasts Available at www.bel_truc.org ) funded by the Belmont Forum and the DFG in particular in terms of the research in Lagos.

Download Full-text

Community-Based versus Statistical Targeting of Anti-Poverty Programs: Evidence from Burkina Faso

Journal of African Economies ◽

10.1093/jafeco/ejz026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 271-305

Author(s):

Michael Hillebrecht ◽

Stefan Klonner ◽

Noraogo A Pacere ◽

Aurélia Souares

Keyword(s):

Burkina Faso ◽

Low Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Household Survey ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Original Data ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Community Based ◽

Household Level ◽

Poor Households

Abstract Targeting of governmental welfare programmes in low-income countries commonly relies on statistical procedures involving household-level data, while smaller-scale programmes often employ community-based targeting, where village communities themselves identify beneficiaries. Combining original data from community-based targeting exercises in Burkina Faso with a household survey we compare the targeting accuracy of community-based targeting with four common statistical targeting methods when the objective is to target consumption-poor households. We find that community-based targeting is substantially less accurate than statistical targeting in villages, while it is as accurate as the much more costly statistical methods in semi-urban areas. We show that this difference is due to differences in poverty concepts held by rural and urban communities. Its large cost advantage makes community-based targeting far more cost-effective than statistical targeting for common amounts of welfare programme benefits.

Download Full-text

Computational Bottom-Up Vulnerability Indicator for Low-Income Flood-Prone Urban Areas

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11164341 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (16) ◽

pp. 4341 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Edna M. Rodríguez-Gaviria ◽

Sol Ochoa-Osorio ◽

Alejandro Builes-Jaramillo ◽

Verónica Botero-Fernández

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Correspondence Analysis ◽

Low Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽

Traditional Approach ◽

Computational Method ◽

Urban Territories ◽

Vulnerability Indicator

This study presents the implementation of a methodology for the formulation of a vulnerability indicator for low-income urban territories in flood-prone areas, for two flood types: Sudden and slow. The methodology developed a computational assessment tool based on the Multiple Correspondence Analysis and the framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainable science. This approach uses participatory mapping and on-site data. The data collection was easily implemented with free software tools to facilitate its use in low-income urban territories. The method combines the evaluation of experts using the of the traditional approach for the qualification of the variables of vulnerability in its three components (exposure, susceptibility, and resilience), and incorporates a computational method of the correspondence analysis family to formulate the indicators of vulnerability. The results showed that the multiple correspondence analysis is useful for the identification of the most representative variables in the vulnerability assessment, used for the construction of spatial disaggregated vulnerability indicators and therefore the development of vulnerability maps that will help in the short term in disaster risk management, urban planning, and infrastructure protection. In addition, the variables of the susceptibility component are the most representative regardless of the type of flooding, followed by the variables of the exposure component, for sudden flood-prone territories, and the resilience component for slow flood-prone territories. Our findings and the computational tool can facilitate the prioritization of improvement projects and flood risk management on a household, neighborhood, and municipal level.

Download Full-text

ANALISIS KONSUMSI PANGAN TINGKAT RUMAH TANGGA DI PROPINSI LAMPUNG

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/agroekonomi.17108 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Meliyanah Meliyanah ◽

Suhatmini Hardyastuti ◽

Djuwari Djuwari

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Household Consumption ◽

Income Level ◽

High Income ◽

Middle Income ◽

Household Level ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

This research diamed to: 1) knowing the selft-price elasticity, cross-price elasticity and income elasticity of consumption per food item on household level according to location and income level; and 2) knowing the reation between level of income and food consumption on household level according to location and income level.This research used data from SUSENAS of Lmapung Province in 2002 with number of sample of 2091 household, which being differed between rural and urban areas based on low, middle, and high level of income. The data analysis used tobit model and sensored regression.The result showed that: 1) the demand of rice and beeh for household consumption in every level of income in rural and urban areas were inelastic; 2) Coen only been consumed by low income level household in rural areas and the demand was inelastic; 3) the demand of cassava for household consumption on low income level in urban area was elastic, While in middle income level, high income level and every level of income in rural area, cassava demand was inelastic. Cassava was considered as inferior goods; 4) The demand of fish for household consumption an every level of income in rural and urban areas was elastic. Household in rural area on every level of income and in urban areas on middle and high income level consider fish as a main necessity. While on low income level household in urban areas, it was considered as classy/exclusive good; 5) the demand of chicken; for household in rural areas on middle and high income level was inelastic. When in rural low income level and urban middle and high income level, was inelastic chicken meat was considend as classy/exclusive good the rural low income level household; 6) egg demand for household consumption in rural areas on every level of income was inelastic, while in urban area it was elastic for every level income; 7) the rural and urban household on every level of income considered rice as the stpale food; 8) Household in rural and urban areas on middle and high level of income considered beef as main necessity; 9) On household with middle income level in rural areas, egg was considere as inferior good; while an low income level in urban areas, egg was considere as expensive good.

Download Full-text

Inequalities in microbial contamination of drinking water supplies in urban areas: the case of Lilongwe, Malawi

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2016.258 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 851-863 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Akosua Sarpong Boakye-Ansah ◽

Giuliana Ferrero ◽

Maria Rusca ◽

Pieter van der Zaag

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Low Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Water Storage ◽

Faecal Contamination ◽

Household Level

Over past decades strategies for improving access to drinking water in cities of the Global South have mainly focused on increasing coverage, while water quality has often been overlooked. This paper focuses on drinking water quality in the centralized water supply network of Lilongwe, the capital of Malawi. It shows how microbial contamination of drinking water is unequally distributed to consumers in low-income (unplanned areas) and higher-income neighbourhoods (planned areas). Microbial contamination and residual disinfectant concentration were measured in 170 water samples collected from in-house taps in high-income areas and from kiosks and water storage facilities in low-income areas between November 2014 and January 2015. Faecal contamination (Escherichia coli) was detected in 10% of the 40 samples collected from planned areas, in 59% of the 64 samples collected from kiosks in the unplanned areas and in 75% of the 32 samples of water stored at household level. Differences in water quality in planned and unplanned areas were found to be statistically significant at p < 0.05. Finally, the paper shows how the inequalities in microbial contamination of drinking water are produced by decisions both on the development of the water supply infrastructure and on how this is operated and maintained.

Download Full-text

ANALISIS KONSUMSI BERAS PADATINGKAT RUMAH TANGGA DI PROPINSI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/agroekonomi.16734 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Cristovao R ◽

Slamet Hartono ◽

Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Income Elasticity ◽

Income Level ◽

Middle Income ◽

Household Level ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rice Consumption

The objectives of the study were (1) to determine thefactors influencing rice consumption in urban and rural areas of Yogyakarta Special Province and (2) to determine the own price, cross price and income elasticity of rice consumption at different income levels in rural and urban areas. National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data of 2005 Yogyakarta Special Province on rice consumption was used Totalrespondents 1990 households. Regression model used in the analysis was OLS. The result showed that thefactors that influence the consumption of rice are the price of the rice itself, price of the related household goods, income level, education of the mother, number offamily members, and location. Thefactors that individually influence rice consumption vary by kinds of rice, location, and income level. Therefore, the demand of rice in DIY is inelastic, the change of price did not significantly influence rice demand. Generally, rice is normal good at low income household level in the rural and urban areas andfor middle income in the rural, and in middle income and high income in the urban, rice is a inferior good. In other side, rice is Substituted for cassava and sweet potato. Rice is complementary for catfish, fermented soybean cake, cassava, egg, and tofu.Keywords: rice consumption, elasticity, substitution, complementary.

Download Full-text

Measuring the Unmeasurable: Comparative Assessment of Urban Vulnerability for Coastal Megacities — New York, London, Tokyo, Kolkata and Lagos

Journal of Extreme Events ◽

10.1142/s2345737616500184 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 03 (03) ◽

pp. 1650018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Torsten Welle ◽

Joern Birkmann

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Risk Management ◽

Natural Hazards ◽

Extreme Events ◽

Local Level ◽

Comparative Approach ◽

Transformative Change ◽

Global North ◽

Management Approaches ◽

North And South

The following paper presents an approach to measure the vulnerability of urban megacities with a comparative approach across cities in the Global North and South. The assessment of city vulnerability is key in order to inform risk management and adaptation strategies that are needed to build resilience against extreme events, natural hazards or consequences of climate change. While the New Urban Agenda (UN Habitat 2016) underscores the necessity for inclusive, sustainable and resilient urban development, the findings of the vulnerability assessment in the five selected coastal megacities that were part of the TRUC project — Kolkata, Lagos, London, New York and Tokyo — show that next to resource deficiencies and poverty, issues of governance also need to be addressed if we really aim to increase the coping capacities of urban population to deal with extreme events and natural hazards. While this is a major challenge for the selected coastal megacities in the Global South, the analysis reveals that in terms of adaptive capacities also, megacities in the Global North, such as New York and London, face major challenges and rank nearly on a similar level as Kolkata. Even though such assessments provide only a first overview, it is evident that effective risk management approaches and positive transformative change that can include long-term as well as immediate risk management concerns will not only require improvements at the local level but also significant changes in sub-national and national context conditions. This is particularly true in terms of fighting corruption and increasing the reliability and trustworthiness of local and national institutions and their regulations.

Download Full-text

The multifaceted relationship between environmental risks and poverty: new insights from Vietnam

Environment and Development Economics ◽

10.1017/s1355770x18000128 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 298-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ulf Narloch ◽

Mook Bangalore

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Household Survey ◽

Environmental Risks ◽

Household Level ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Risk Areas ◽

Changes Over Time

AbstractDespite complex interlinkages, insights into the multifaceted relationship between environmental risks and poverty can be gained through an analysis of different risks across space, time and scale within a single context using consistent methods. Combining geo-spatial data on eight environmental risks and household survey data from 2010–2014 for the case study of Vietnam, this paper shows: (i) at the district level, the incidence of poverty is higher in high risk areas, (ii) at the household level, poorer households face higher environmental risks, (iii) for some risks the relationship with household-level consumption varies between rural and urban areas, and (iv) environmental risks explain consumption differences between households, but less so changes over time. While altogether these analyses cannot establish a causal relationship between environmental risks and poverty, they do indicate that Vietnam's poor are disproportionally exposed. Given growing pressures due to climate change, addressing such risks should be a focus of poverty reduction efforts.

Download Full-text

A Household-based analysis of domestic energy consumption for lighting in Jaipur City

International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability ◽

10.11113/ijbes.v3.n2.129 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nand Kumar ◽

V Devadas

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Household Survey ◽

Multiple Regression Model ◽

Consumption Pattern ◽

Household Level ◽

Domestic Energy ◽

Jaipur City

India being the third largest economy of the world, more than two third of the total population lives in villages and started to consuming more quantity of energy in the recent years. Though the electricity consumption in the domestic sector has increased up to 22 per cent of the total electricity consumption, electricity consumption in villages is very less, since good number of villages in the rural system are not even electrified. In urban areas almost 90 percent of the household use electricity for lighting and just 10 percent use kerosene for the said purpose, whereas in the rural areas still more number of households use kerosene for lighting purposes. In this paper an attempt is made to analyze the domestic energy consumption for lighting in Jaipur city. Good amount of literature collected pertaining to domestic energy consumption for lighting purposes across the globe, analyzed thoroughly and presented. Further, a household survey was conducted among 684 households in Jaipur city by employing pre-tested schedule. The schedule has few variables including identification particulars, economic conditions, demographic pattern, domestic lighting appliances at the household level; and the energy consumption pattern. Further the collected data are analyzed and a multiple regression model was developed by considering the total electricity consumption as dependent variable ‘Y’ and the electrical appliances for lighting purposes, such as the number of incandescent bulbs, tube lights, CFL, and LED are considered as ‘X’ variables; and this study conclude with plausible findings and recommendations.

Download Full-text