Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Triassic floras from the Central North Sea

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2021-071
Author(s):  
Roger Burgess ◽  
David Jolley ◽  
Adrian Hartley

The Triassic sediments of the Central North Sea (CNS) are considered to have been deposited in a continental environment under a semi-arid climate. The Skagerrak Formation in particular, comprises an alternation of sandstone and mudstone members, the development of which is considered to be climatically driven. However, conflicting models exist as to how climate influences member deposition. Here we analyse the climatic signal using a multivariate statistical approach in which de-trended correspondence analysis (DCA) is applied to palynological observations to quantify environmental reconstruction. Using DCA it has been possible to define paleoecological groups and construct a relative hydrological state trend showing hydrological conditions within the centre of the CNS basin during the Triassic. The resultant trends reveal that the relationship between hydrological conditions in the basin and the development of individual sandstones and mudstone members is perhaps not a simple as indicated by existing models. In particular our data suggest that whilst influenced by broader climate trends, in the basin centre, there is no simple relationship between climate change and sandstone/mudstone development. The data also indicates that the Julius and Jonathan mudstone members were deposited under differing hydrological conditions. The DCA trends shown here also suggest that the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) documented from the South Permian Basin and Tethys is not expressed in the CNS.

Geophysics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. E81-E87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casper Olsen ◽  
Thanong Hongdul ◽  
Ida Lykke Fabricius

Based on Archie’s cementation factor as measured on North Sea chalk and on published data, we explore how the cementation factor depends on other physical properties of the chalk. A relationship between cementation factor and specific surface with respect to bulk volume is obtained for chalk. This leads to how Archie’s cementation factor may be predicted from porosity and permeability for chalk as well as for sandstone. A common relationship between cementation factor and specific surface with respect to bulk volume calculated from porosity and permeability is obtained. As an alternative, the [Formula: see text]-factor in Archie’s equation is related to specific surface with respect to bulk volume, but the relationship is less clear than the simple relationship between cementation factor and specific surface.


Author(s):  
Itzi Gael Segundo Métay ◽  
Gerardo Bocco ◽  
Alejandro Velázquez ◽  
Konrad Gajewski

Las investigaciones geomorfológicas han estudiado la relación entre los aspectos culturales del paisaje, como los usos del suelo, con las geoformas en diferentes contextos geográficos. De manera más específica, estas líneas de investigación se han enfocado a la manera como el terreno condiciona las actividades humanas. El estudio de estas relaciones, que generalmente son complejas, ha tendido a simplificarse a partir de meras sobreposiciones cartográficas en los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). El presente artículo argumenta que los resultados de la sobreposición de datos geográficos pueden beneficiarse, para comprender los resultados, de un análisis de estadística multivariada. Estos análisis permiten interpretar la naturaleza de las relaciones espaciales entre los diferentes elementos que conforman el paisaje. Por lo tanto, se exploró el grado de correlación cuantitativa entre geoformas y usos del suelo en una región tropical seca de la costa Pacífico mexicana. Se eligió al valle bajo de Nexpa, en la región Sierra-Costa del estado de Michoacán, como caso de estudio por su grado de complejidad morfogenética y por su composición litológica y estructural heterogénea. La colecta de datos se realizó en dos fases: una fase preliminar de interpretación de imágenes satelitales (Quickbird 2008) y una fase de verificación en campo y levantamiento del terreno. La clasificación del relieve se hizo utilizando pares estereoscópicos impresos a una escala 1:10 000. Los datos de uso del suelo, por otra parte, se interpretaron utilizando los datos de cubierta del terreno como insumo. Posteriormente, se clasificaron estos datos a partir de técnicas de levantamiento participativo y etnografía de campo. Las capas de información geográfica fueron digitalizadas, vectorizadas e incorporadas a un SIG. De esta forma, se pudo obtener una matriz con los datos de sobreposición espacial de los polígonos. Posteriormente, se aplicó un Análisis de Correspondencia (AC) que fue utilizado para identificar el grado de correlación entre usos y geoformas. Los resultados muestran una correspondencia significativa entre diferentes entidades. Se aplicó un primer AC con todas las clases del terreno. Los resultados revelaron que la “planicie costera” y el “lecho mayor” se asocian, mayormente, a usos como la pesca artesanal, el nado y las actividades turísticas. Una segunda etapa fue aplicada excluyendo las clases de “planicie costera” y “lecho mayor”, que capturaron demasiada varianza en el primer análisis. La prueba posterior develó mayor detalle en asociaciones espaciales más finas y menos evidentes en el paisaje. Las geoformas de origen fluvial se asociaron con patrones más simples de actividad humana. Como contraparte, en las geoformas de denudación, el análisis reveló patrones más complejos y diversos con los usos del suelo. Las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas se presentaron, de diferentes maneras, tanto en geoformas fluviales como en las de denudación. Los usos forestales no maderables, como la caza y la extracción de leña, se asociaron con áreas de mayor pendiente y podrían haber favorecido ciertos procesos de conservación del bosque tropical seco en el área. Esta última interpretación requiere de un análisis a mayor profundidad. Los resultados se discutieron en término de su relevancia y utilidad para la planeación territorial. Este enfoque podría fortalecer los procedimientos espaciales para la toma de decisiones, particularmente en áreas en donde los datos de geografía aplicada se requieren para el sondeo de usos y actividades a escala local.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Patruno ◽  
William Reid ◽  
Christopher A-L. Jackson ◽  
Chris Davies

AbstractThe Mid North Sea High (MNSH) is located on the UKCS in quadrants 35–38 and 41–43. It is a large structural high that is flanked by the mature hydrocarbon provinces of the Central North Sea (CNS) to the NE and the Southern North Sea (SNS) to the SE. In the MNSH region, the source and reservoir intervals that characterize the SNS (Westphalian, Lower Permian) are absent and therefore the area is relatively underexplored compared to the SNS Basin (c. one well per 1000 km2). Nevertheless, two discoveries in Dinantian reservoirs (Breagh and Crosgan) prove that a working petroleum system is present, potentially charged either via lateral migration from the SNS or from within the lower Carboniferous itself. Additionally, gas was found in the Z2 carbonate (lower Zechstein Group) in Crosgan, with numerous other wells in the area reporting hydrocarbon shows in this unit. The results of the interpretation of recently acquired 2D and 3D seismic reflection datasets over parts of UKCS quadrants 36, 37 and 42 are presented and provide insight into both the geology and prospectivity of this frontier area.This study suggests that intra-Zechstein clinoform foresets represent an attractive, hitherto overlooked, exploration target. The Zechstein Group sits on a major unconformity, probably reflecting Variscan-related inversion and structural uplift. Below it, fault blocks and faulted folds occur, containing pre-Westphalian Carboniferous and Devonian sediments, both of which contain potential reservoirs. In the lower Zechstein, a large build-up is observed, covering a total area of 2284 km2. This is bounded on its margins by seismically defined clinoforms, with maximum thicknesses of 0.12 s two-way time (c. 240–330 m). This rigid, near-tabular unit is clearly distinguished from the overlying deformed upper Zechstein evaporites. In map-view, a series of embayments and promontories are observed at the build-up margins. Borehole data and comparisons with nearby discoveries (e.g. Crosgan) suggest this build-up to represent a Z1–Z2 sulphate–carbonate platform, capped by a minor Z3 carbonate platform. Interpreted smaller pinnacle build-ups are observed away from the main bank. The seismic character, geometry, size and inferred composition of this newly described Zechstein platform are similar to those of platforms hosting notable hydrocarbon discoveries in other parts of the Southern Permian Basin. The closest of these discoveries to the study area is Crosgan, which is characterized by the Z2 carbonate clinothem (Hauptdolomit Formation) as a proven reservoir.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Shuangshuang Liu ◽  
Min Yao ◽  
Shiyue Chen ◽  
Xingzhong Yuan

The relationship between the diatom taxa preserved in surface lake sediments and environmental variables in Dongping Lake was explored using multivariate statistical methods. The statistical analysis showed that the lake was eutrophicated in all seasons. Transparency, chlorophyll a (Chla) and total phosphorus (TP) were the dominant environmental factors in spring and summer, and NH4+-N and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were the dominant environmental factors in autumn and winter. Sixteen genera and 43 species of diatom were found in the surface sediments, and the dominant diatom genera were Aulacoseira, Ulnaria, Cyclotella, Navicula and Fragilaria. A redundancy analysis (RDA) and Monte Carlo permutation 20 test revealed that COD, pH, TP, conductivity and transparency were significant factors influencing diatom assemblage change, meaning that the distribution of the diatom assemblages were mostly influenced by nutrient composition, light intensity and ion concentrations.


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