Multiproxy approaches to investigating paleoecology and paleohydrology in the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation USA
AbstractThe Late Campanian-aged Kaiparowits Formation (72.5-76.6 Ma) is a thick, fossiliferous fluvio-overbank-lacustrine complex deposited in south-central Utah. Host to one of the richest, most diverse Campanian terrestrial fossil records in North America, the physical environment of the Kaiparowits ecosystem, particularly the dynamics of the hydrologic system, remains obscure. In 2014, an extensive bonebed was found in a conglomeratic sandstone unit of fluvial origin, known as the Rainbows and Unicorns quarry. Isotopic compositions of serially sampled tooth enamel phosphate (δ18Op) from tyrannosaur teeth were analyzed to see if they held data that could clarify the paleohydrology of the Kaiparowits Formation. To assess a greater paleoecological context for the tyrannosaurs, the isotopic composition of their teeth was compared to other faunal elements, including the giant alligatoroid Deinosuchus, and turtles (Baenid, Gilmoremys, Neurankylus and Trionychid) from the same quarry. The δ18Ow calculated from tyrannosaur was low, suggesting isotopically-light high-altitude runoff strongly influenced local hydrology of the Kaiparowtis Formation. The seasonal change in δ18O of tyrannosaur drinking water ranged from -21.0 to -14.4 ‰ V-SMOW while δ18Ow calculated from turtles and crocodiles ranged between an average of -9.3 and -10.9‰ respectively. The seasonal precipitation pattern and temperature of the Kaiparowits Formation was then compared to analogue settings such as the monsoonal climate of Hanoi, Vietnam and Cuiaba, Brazil. While similarities exist between these sites, the unique configuration of the Sevier Mountains adjacent to the nearby Western Interior Seaway provide the unique setting for a complex paleohydrologic system that results in a wide range of δ18Ow as a result of cold seasonal precipitation at high elevation that runs off and mixes with local precipitation (-4.68 to -6.0‰) sourced from the WIS. This study demonstrates the importance of serial- and micro-sampling of multi-taxa comparisons for isotopic investigations of palaeohydrologic systems.