scholarly journals Action Logic is Undecidable

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Stepan Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Logic ◽  
Action Logic ◽  
Recursively Enumerable ◽  
The Law ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Induction Scheme

Action logic is the algebraic logic (inequational theory) of residuated Kleene lattices. One of the operations of this logic is the Kleene star, which is axiomatized by an induction scheme. For a stronger system that uses an -rule instead (infinitary action logic), Buszkowski and Palka (2007) proved -completeness (thus, undecidability). Decidability of action logic itself was an open question, raised by Kozen in 1994. In this article, we show that it is undecidable, more precisely, -complete. We also prove the same undecidability results for all recursively enumerable logics between action logic and infinitary action logic, for fragments of these logics with only one of the two lattice (additive) connectives, and for action logic extended with the law of distributivity.

scholarly journals LAND PARCEL LEASE: LEGAL ASPECTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Elena НAVINSKA
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Open Question

The article deals with the legal aspects of registration and registration of leases of land shares, changes in the terms of the contract or its termination, the moment when the right to lease land shares. The procedure of land lease, which is carried out in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Land Lease" and the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On approval of a standard lease of land", defines the basic provisions of land lease, forms, conditions and procedure for concluding a lease. Among the most common questions of unit owners, the most relevant and open question is the innovations in the process of concluding a lease of land. Before the answers to the above questions are presented, the algorithm of registration of land lease (share) lease agreements is considered, first of all, attention is paid to the presence in the contract, except for essential conditions, of additional.

scholarly journals IX. Bakerian Lecture .—On the law of the pressure of gases between 75 and 150 millimetres of mercury

1902 ◽  
Vol 198 (300-311) ◽  
pp. 417-430 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Chamber ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
In Series ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
The Law ◽  
Open Question ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Low Pressures ◽  
Published Paper ◽  
Boyle’S Law

In a recently published paper I have examined, with the aid of a new manometer, the behaviour of gases at very low pressures, rising to 1·5 millims. of mercury, with the result that Boyle’s law was verified to a high degree of precision. There is, however, a great gap between the highest pressure there dealt with and that of the atmosphere—a gap which it appeared desirable in some way to bridge over. The sloping manometer, described in the paper referred to, does not lend itself well to the use of much greater pressures, at least if we desire to secure the higher proportional accuracy that should accompany the rise of pressure. The present communication gives the results of observations, by another method, of the law of pressure in gases between 75 millims. and 150 millims. of mercury. It will be seen that for air and hydrogen Boyle’s law is verified to the utmost. In the case of oxygen, the agreement is rather less satisfactory, and the accordance of separate observations is less close. But even here the departure from Boyle’s law amounts only to one part in 4000, and may perhaps be referred to some reaction between the gas and the mercury. In the case of argon too the deviation, though very small, seems to lie beyond the limits of experimental errors. Whether it is due to a real minute departure from Boyle’s law, or to some complication arising out of the conditions of experiment, must remain an open question. In the case of pressures not greatly below atmosphere, the determination with the usual column of mercury read by a cathetometer (after Regnault) is sufficiently accurate. But when the pressure falls to say one-tenth of an atmosphere, the difficulties of this method begin to increase. The guiding idea in the present investigation has been the avoidance of such difficulties by the use of manometric gauges combined in a special manner. The object is to test whether when the volume of a gas is halved its pressure is doubled, and its attainment requires two gauges indicating pressures which are in the ratio of 2:1. To this end we may employ a pair of independent gauges as nearly as possible similar to one another, the similarity being tested by combination in parallel, to borrow an electrical term. When connected below with one reservoir of air and above with another reservoir, or with a vacuum, the two gauges should reach their settings simultaneously, or at least so nearly that a suitable correction may be readily applied. For brevity we may for the present assume precise similarity. If now the two gauges be combined in series , so that the low-pressure chamber of the first communicates with the high-pressure chamber of the second, the combination constitutes a gauge suitable for measuring a doubled pressure.

R. e. presented linear orders

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dev Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Linear Order ◽  
Order Relation ◽  
Recursion Theory ◽  
Linear Orders ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Recursively Enumerable ◽  
Equality Relation ◽  
The Law

This paper looks at linear orders in the following way. A preordering is given, which is linear and recursively enumerable. By performing the natural identification, one obtains a linear order for which equality is not necessarily recursive. A format similar to Metakides and Nerode's [3] is used to study these linear orders. In effective studies of linear orders thus far, the law of antisymmetry (x ≦ y ∧ y ≦ x ⇒ y) has been assumed, so that if the order relation x ≦ y is r.e. then x < y is also r.e. Here the assumption is dropped, so that x < y may not be r.e. and the equality relation may not be recursive; the possibility that equality is not recursive leads to new twists which sometimes lead to negative results.Reported here are some interesting preliminary results with simple proofs, which are obtained if one looks at these objects with a view to doing recursion theory in the style of Metakides and Nerode. (This style, set in [3], is seen in many subsequent papers by Metakides and Nerode, Kalantari, Remmel, Retzlaff, Shore, and others, e.g. [1], [4], [6], [7], [8], [11]. In a sequel, further investigations will be reported which look at r.e. presented linear orders in this fashion and in the context of Rosenstein's comprehensive work [10].Obviously, only countable linear orders are under consideration here. For recursion-theoretic notation and terminology see Rogers [9].

A Right to Beat a Child? Corporal Punishment and the Law in Wilhelmine Germany

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sace Elder
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Abuse Case ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Open Question

In 1903, Elisabeth von Oertzen, a widely read author and one of the founders of the Society for the Protection of Children from Mistreatment and Exploitation, exhorted her fellow protectionists in the pages of her organization's newsletter to push for greater legal protections for children from abusive adults. The occasion for her admonition was the infamous Bavarian child abuse case in which a young male tutor, Andreas Dippold, had beaten his young charges so badly that one had succumbed to his mistreatment. The case demonstrated, von Oertzen wrote, that while torture had been abolished for adults, it was still widely practiced on children. One of the chief causes of child abuse, according to von Oertzen, was the claim to the so-called Züchtigungsrecht, the right to use corporal punishment. “Because of [the] defenselessness of children it has become customary to exercise on them the right to use corporal punishment, even where it does not exist,” she wrote. A host of people, including tutors, governesses, and babysitters claim the right, but “how far the right to corporal punishment is transferrable is entirely an open question!” Curiously, von Oertzen asserted both that there was an objectively existing “right” to use corporal punishment and that there was no consensus on where that right lay.

scholarly journals Cyber Bullying Among Law Student: How They Deal With It, Understand and Apply The Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 07005
Author(s):  
Antonius PS Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Bullying ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
The Law ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Law Student ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Sampling Survey

The phenomenon of cyber bullying may be a lot happening among students but the law is less functioned by them. It is interesting to research. The aim of this manuscript are to research cyberbullying among the law student, to know the level of understanding of the student about related law and the factors that affect students to apply the law. This research apply sampling survey method and respondent is sampel of Law Student of Atma Jaya Catholic University. Respondent answered mixed questioner (open question and closed question). Sampel of respondent is selected based upon purposive sampling. The results of this research are: most student does not have knowledge concerning existing law on Cyber Bullying and procedure to apply the law when cyber bullying occurs. The research find that factors that affect student to apply the law are knowledge and comprehension concerning the Law on Cyber Bullying, victim’s own resource, and the damage experienced by the victim.

scholarly journals The Rule of Law and Legal-Process Reasons in Attorney Advising

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bradley Wendel
Keyword(s):  
Attorney General ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Point ◽  
Legal Ethics ◽  
Rigorous Approach ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Purposive Activity ◽  
The Law ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Torture Memos

This is an intervention in long-standing debates in the philosophy of law and the theory of professional ethics. In jurisprudential terms, it elaborates on H.L.A. Hart’s concept of the internal point of view, which is the perspective of one who views the law as creating obligations, not merely affecting one’s prudential calculations. In other words, Hart’s idea is that the law must be capable of normativity. Hart limited this conceptual requirement to judges, who are obligated to take the internal point of view, leaving a deeply important open question concerning the attitude that citizens and their advisors must take with respect to the law. The argument in this Article is that it is a constitutive principle of the professional obligations of lawyers that they regard the law from the internal point of view. From this obligation flow further, more specific duties of good faith in interpretation of the law. The Article therefore connects scholarship on the nature of law with more practical questions concerning the duties of lawyers advising clients. It provides an analytically rigorous approach to evaluating the conduct of lawyers in high-profile scandals such the Panama Papers revelations, the so-called torture memos prepared by lawyers in the Bush Administration, and Acting Attorney General Rod Rosenstein’s memo explaining the firing of FBI Director James Comey. The position defended here differs from both the Nineteenth Century "wise counselor" conception of lawyer professionalism and the standard conception of legal ethics as "zealous advocacy within the bounds of the law." It is in some ways an elaboration on some of my previous scholarship on legal ethics and interpretation of law, but is grounded much more explicitly not only in Hart's notion of the internal point of view but - perhaps surprisingly - also in Lon Fuller's insight that law is a purposive activity characterized by giving reasons of a certain type in justification of one's actions.

RECONSIDERATION OF LEGAL DEVICES (HIYAL) IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE: THE HANAFĪS AND THEIR "EXITS" (MAKHĀRIJ)

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoe Horii
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Open Question

AbstractHiyal (sg. hīla) are "legal devices" or tools used to achieve a certain objective, lawful or not, through lawful means. Although it is generally agreed that hiyal are not merely "evasions of the law," their exact nature and place within Islamic jurisprudence remains an open question. To date, there have been only a few studies devoted to the subject and these have focused almost exclusively upon the Hanafīs, who developed hiyal into a special branch of the law, called makhārij, i.e. "exits". I shall examine here the doctrine of the Hanafīs together with that of the Mālikī/Medinese jurists, who were early witnesses for and against hiyal as conceived by the Hanafīs. On the basis of their understanding of law in terms of utility, the Hanafīs employed makhārij to provide remedies for those who sought them. As a particular transmission of Hanafī doctrine, the genre of makhārij sought to confirm the standard doctrine by discovering "exits" suggested therein. The Hanafī concern for the subject was shared by the Mālikīs, albeit from a different point of view. The Mālikīs discussed hiyal as jurisprudential materials that convey the validity of their doctrine as prescribing appropriate solutions. Thus, I conclude that both the Hanafīs and Mālikīs regarded hiyal as solutions drawn from the materials of jurisprudence in accordance with the spirit of law as interpreted by the jurists of their respective schools.

scholarly journals The titration carve of gelatine.—Report to the medical research council

1922 ◽  
Vol 93 (650) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Law Of Mass Action ◽  
Colloidal Solutions ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
The Law ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Satisfactory Theory

During the course of some work on the swelling of gelatine gels in acid and alkaline solutions, it became increasingly evident that no fully satisfactory theory of swelling could be postulated until further information had been obtained as to the quantitative relations, both general and particular, holding between the gelatine base and its combined acid in acid systems, and between the gelatine acid and its combined base in alkaline ones respectively. The work described in the following paper is an attempt to study the problem in its simplest form; namely, in a fluid system in which all the components are in solution. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were chosen as the acid and base to use in the investigation, since both form highly ionised solutions in water, and since none of the ions resulting carry more than a single charge, thus simplifying any considerations deduced from the law of mass action. It is still an open question how far the law of mass action can be applied to colloidal solutions. It has been shown by Procter (20), Procter and Wilson (21), Wintgen and Kruger (27), that the quantitative relations found by them to exist in the combination of hydrochloric acid with gelatine, under the conditions of their experiments, fell within the general statement of the law, such combination being regarded as a simple case of salt formation. Procter considered that his results were explicable on two hypotheses:

Estoppels over land and third parties. An open question?

Legal Studies ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Baughen
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
The Law ◽  
Open Question

The proprietary status of the contractual licence has long been a matter of dispute. In Arnold v Ashbum–Anstult the obiter remarks of Fox LJ signalled a return to orthodoxy in this area of the law. Unless a contractual licence can be supported by facts sufficient to support a constructive trust (and these, too, were restrictively defined by Fox LJ), it will not bind third parties. However, Fox W did not discuss rights over land arising by way of estoppel ( ‘estoppel rights’). The proposition that these can bind third parties has never attracted the controversy that surrounded the proprietary status of contractual licences. Nonetheless, due to the potential overlap between the two types of licence, it is a proposition that needs urgent re-evaluation in the light of Fox W’s views on contractual licences.

Mars: was There an Ancient Eden?

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias C. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Positive Answer ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Habitable Zones ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Early Mars ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Rocky Planets ◽  
Impact Erosion

AbstractThe clear evidence of water erosion on the surface of Mars suggests an early climate much more clement than the present one. Using a model for the origin of inner planet atmospheres by icy planetesimal impact, it is possible to reconstruct the original volatile inventory on Mars, starting from the thin atmosphere we observe today. Evidence for cometary impact can be found in the present abundances and isotope ratios of gases in the atmosphere and in SNC meteorites. If we invoke impact erosion to account for the present excess of129Xe, we predict an early inventory equivalent to at least 7.5 bars of CO2. This reservoir of volatiles is adequate to produce a substantial greenhouse effect, provided there is some small addition of SO2(volcanoes) or reduced gases (cometary impact). Thus it seems likely that conditions on early Mars were suitable for the origin of life – biogenic elements and liquid water were present at favorable conditions of pressure and temperature. Whether life began on Mars remains an open question, receiving hints of a positive answer from recent work on one of the Martian meteorites. The implications for habitable zones around other stars include the need to have rocky planets with sufficient mass to preserve atmospheres in the face of intensive early bombardment.

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