On a family of Welsh constructions

Research on unbounded dependency constructions (UDCs) has focused mainly on the properties that are shared by all UDCs, but a satisfactory theory of syntax also needs to capture the properties that distinguish specific UDCs and the properties that are shared by some but not all of them. Three Welsh unbounded dependency constructions – wh-interrogatives, free relatives, and cleft sentences – are of interest here because they show a challenging array of similarities and the differences. However, given a slightly expanded hierarchy of phrase types, HPSG can capture both the similarities and the differences in this area.

Against some approaches to long-distance agreement without AGREE

With the introduction of AGREE into Minimalism by Chomsky (2000), the relationship between the two elements in an agreement relationship went from being strictly local (Specifier-Head) to being unbounded (c-command with no intervening strong phase boundary) in order to accommodate long-distance agreement phenomena. Concern over the less restricted nature of the new approach led researchers to propose alternatives that eschewed the unbounded reach of AGREE , in the hope that a more restrictive theory might yet be salvaged. This paper scrutinizes some of the most widely cited and fully developed of these alternative proposals (employing predicate inversion of expletives, restructuring, covert movement), applied to extensively studied spheres of data (English existentials, Icelandic agreement), and concludes that they are deeply, perhaps fatally, flawed. While Chomsky’s version of AGREE is far from providing a complete and satisfactory theory of agreement, it has yet to be shown that it can be eliminated.

Semantic paradoxes and theories of truth

The Cretan philosopher Epimenides said that Cretans always lie. Assuming, for the sake of argument, the mendacity of all other statements by Cretans, we get a paradox: if what Epimenides said was true, it must have been a lie, whereas if what he said was a lie, it would have made his statement true. The citizens of Crete have long since forgiven the insult, but semantics has never recovered. Alfred Tarski perceived the consequences of Epimenides’ paradox with particular clarity. Our common-sense intuitions about truth follow the paradigm: ‘Snow is white’ is true if and only if snow is white. As Tarski rigorously shows, if the language we are describing (the object language) is the same as the language in which we are formulating our theory (the metalanguage), this paradigm will be inconsistent with the rudimentary laws of syntax. The conclusion Tarski drew was that, if we are to develop a satisfactory theory of truth, our metalanguage must be essentially richer in expressive power than the object language. Since there is no human language essentially richer than English (or any other natural language), there can be no satisfactory theory of truth for English. One earnestly hopes that this is not the end of the matter. Tarski’s analysis leaves open the prospect that we can develop a fully satisfactory theory of truth for a substantial fragment of English; also the prospect that we can develop a theory of truth for English as a whole which, while not fully satisfying our intuitions, is none the less useful and illuminating. Both prospects have been substantially advanced by Saul Kripke’s ‘Outline of a Theory of Truth’, which exploits the idea that there are truth-value gaps, statements which are neither true nor false, and that Epimenides’ insult was one of them. Invocation of truth-value gaps does not resolve the paradox in any straightforward way. If we let the phrase ‘the simple liar sentence’ refer to the sentence ‘The simple liar sentence is false’, we see that we can readily account for the paradoxical features of the sentence by declaring the sentence neither true nor false; but if we let the strengthened liar sentence be ‘The strengthened liar sentence is not true’, we get a sentence we cannot dispose of so tidily. If the strengthened liar is neither true nor false, then it is not true; but that it is not true is precisely what the sentence says. Truth-value gaps have not vanquished the liar paradox. Nor have any of the alternatives, the most prominent of which are a contextualist account, which sees the English word ‘true’ as radically ambiguous, and so-called ‘revision theory’, which investigates the cyclic reasoning that occurs when we try to evaluate the simple liar sentence: if the sentence is true, then it must be false; but if, then, it is false, it must be true; and so on. While these approaches have not eliminated the paradox, they have opened new approaches that have greatly improved our prospects for finding a comfortable way to live with it.

Sorte, Virtude, e Anulabilidade Epistêmica

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2016v20n2p179 Duncan Pritchard has suggested that anti-luck epistemology and virtue epistemology are the best options to solve the Gettier problem. Nonetheless, there are challenging problems for both of them in the literature. Pritchard holds that his anti-luck virtue epistemology puts together the correct intuitions from both anti-luck epistemology and virtue epistemology and avoids their problems. Contra Pritchard, we believe that there is already a satisfactory theory on offer, namely, the defeasibility theory of knowledge. In this essay we intend (i) to examine Pritchard’s anti-luck virtue epistemology, and (ii) to defend the defeasibility theory of knowledge as an alternative to Pritchard’s theory. We will provide the reader with reasons for believing that the defeasibility theory is better than Pritchard’s theory because the former is more economic and more ecumenical than the latter, since it goes without non-epistemic notions and remains neutral as for the internalism vs. externalism debate.

RESEÑA CRÍTICA DEL EMPRESARIO EN EL PENSAMIENTO ECONÓMICO NEOCLÁSICO, KEYNESIANO Y CONTEMPORÁNEO

RESUMEN Objetivo: Abordar los antecedentes del estudio del empresario en la economía neoclásica, keynesiana y contemporánea. En una etapa histórica que nace con la Revolución Industrial, se define al empresario como el propietario del capital; no obstante con la evolución del sistema capitalista esta definición resulta insuficiente. Material y metodos: Los métodos que se utilizaron fueron el método histórico-crítico, y el método comparativo. El método histórico-crítico, da mayor peso al origen histórico y a las condiciones de surgimiento para establecer la configuración definitiva y las prácticas económicas en la economía neoclásica, keynesiana y contemporánea. Así mismo; el método comparativo nos permite realizar una taxonomía del empresario. Se realiza una investigación bibliográfica de 12 teóricos representantes de estas tres corrientes. Resultados: El concepto de empresario aparece íntimamente unido al concepto de empresa concebida como realidad socioeconómica. El empresario personaliza la actuación de la empresa siendo la figura representativa que persigue objetivos coherentes con los fines a conseguir por la empresa en un intervalo temporal. Conclusiones: Las aportaciones, más que brindar una teoría satisfactoria del empresario, se complementan mutuamente para configurar valores, atributos, comportamientos y habilidades que los empresarios requieren para ser catalogados como tales. Al revisar los aportes, principales ideas y planteamientos de los autores que escribieron sobre los empresarios se encontró que se interesaron por definir: a) quién es un empresario; b) qué hace, es decir cuál es su función. A fines del siglo XIX y con el crecimiento en dimensión de las grandes empresas, comienza en la economía una preocupación por la actividad empresarial como función distinta de la propiedad de la empresa. ABSTRACT Objetivo: Review the background to study the entrepreneur in the neoclassical, Keynesian, and Contemporary economics. In a historic stage that was born with the Industrial Revolution, the entrepreneur is defined as the owner of the capital; however, with the evolution of the capitalist system this definition is insufficient. Material and method:The historical-criticism and the comparative method were used. The first one focuses its attention to the historical origins and the conditions of the appearance to establish the definite configuration and the economical practices in the neoclassical, Keynesian and contemporary economics. On the other hand, the comparative method allows us to make the taxonomy of the entrepreneur. A bibliographic research of 12 theoreticians of these three thoughts was performed. Results: The concept of entrepreneur appears intimately linked to the concept of enterprise conceived as a socioeconomic reality. The entrepreneur personalizes the performance of the company being the representative character that pursues the coherent goals of the company in a temporary interval. Conclusions: The contributions, more than providing a satisfactory theory of the entrepreneur, are mutually complemented to configure values, attributes, behaviors and abilities that the entrepreneurs require to be catalogued as they are. After reviewing the contributions, main ideas, and approaches of the authors who wrote about the entrepreneurs, it was found that they were interested to define a)who an entrepreneur is; b) what an entrepreneur does, this is, what his/her function is. At the end of the XIX century and with the growth in dimension of the great enterprises, it starts in the economics a preoccupation for the entrepreneurial activity as a different function of the company property.

Symbolic Calculus and Boundedness of Multi-parameter and Multi-linear Pseudo-differential Operators

Since the work of Hörmander on linear pseudo-differential operators, the applications of pseudo-differential operators have played an important role in partial differential equations, harmonic analysis, theory of several complex variables and other branches of modern analysis (e.g., they are used to construct parametrices and establish the regularity of solutions to PDEs such as the ∂̅ problem, etc.). The work of Coifman and Meyer on multi-linear Fourier multipliers and pseudo-differential operators has stimulated further such applications. In [2], the authors developed a fairly satisfactory theory of symbolic calculus for multi-linear pseudo-differential operators. Motivated by this work [2] and L

Grain Growth in Millimeter Wave Sintered Alumina Ceramics

The millimeter wave (MMW) sintering of alumina ceramic had been performed. The results revealed that MMW sintered alumina has higher density than that of conventional method on all sintering temperature. However microstructure evaluation demonstrates that grain growth of MM wave annealed alumina is faster than in conventional annealing. It indicates that MM wave enhanced mass transport and solid state reaction rates during sintering. The empirical observations of microwave enhancements have been broadly known as microwave effect. Even though no satisfactory theory existed to explain the effect but the presence the electromagnetic waves (EMW) during microwave heating is clearly the key. In this paper, microwave effect on grain growth of alumina ceramic is presented. Some effective and unique characteristics of the EMW sintering were also discussed as well.

PENGEMBANGAN PAKET PEMBELAJARAN KETERAMPILAN MEMBUAT MANISAN NANGKA UNTUK PROGRAM KEAKSARAAN FUNGSIONAL MANDIRI

One of the role of Instructional Technology is the provision of learning resources through the development. Especially in the Functional Literacy Programm (Program Keaksaraan Fungsional/KF) on Mandiri Level, study material that really designed for learning is not available yet. This study aims to develop skills learning package such as video learning and modules by taking a theme about making candied jackfruit. This is suitable with the implementation of the KF program that promotes life skills learning. The results revealed that the learning package of making candied jackfruit favored by 30 respondents of the student in Bougenvile Study Group, Medokan Semampir Village, Sukolilo, Surabaya. As new subjects, students learning outcomes perfome a very satisfactory theory and practice value.AbstrakSalah satu peran Teknologi Pembelajaran adalah penyediaan sumber-sumber belajar melalui kegiatan pengembangan (development). Namun untuk program Keaksaraan Fungsional (KF) Tingkat Mandiri, belum sepenuhnya tersedia sumber belajar yang dirancang khusus (by design) untuk pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Paket Pembelajaran Keterampilan (PPK) berupa modul dan video pembelajaran tentang membuat manisan nangka. Penelitian ini sesuai dengan kebutuhan Program KF yang mengutamakan pembelajaran life skills. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa paket pembelajaran modul dan video tentang membuat manisan nangka digemari oleh 30 orang responden warga belajar di Kelompok Belajar (Kejar) Bougenvile, Kelurahan Medokan Semampir, Sukolilo, Surabaya. Sebagai mata pelajaran baru, hasil belajar warga belajar menunjukkan nilai teori dan nilai praktek yang sangat memuaskan.

PENGEMBANGAN PAKET PEMBELAJARAN KETERAMPILAN MEMBUAT MANISAN NANGKA UNTUK PROGRAM KEAKSARAAN FUNGSIONAL MANDIRI

One of the role of Instructional Technology is the provision of learning resources through the development. Especially in the Functional Literacy Programm (Program Keaksaraan Fungsional/KF) on Mandiri Level, study material that really designed for learning is not available yet. This study aims to develop skills learning package such as video learning and modules by taking a theme about making candied jackfruit. This is suitable with the implementation of the KF program that promotes life skills learning. The results revealed that the learning package of making candied jackfruit favored by 30 respondents of the student in Bougenvile Study Group, Medokan Semampir Village, Sukolilo, Surabaya. As new subjects, students learning outcomes perfome a very satisfactory theory and practice value.AbstrakSalah satu peran Teknologi Pembelajaran adalah penyediaan sumber-sumber belajar melalui kegiatan pengembangan (development). Namun untuk program Keaksaraan Fungsional (KF) Tingkat Mandiri, belum sepenuhnya tersedia sumber belajar yang dirancang khusus (by design) untuk pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Paket Pembelajaran Keterampilan (PPK) berupa modul dan video pembelajaran tentang membuat manisan nangka. Penelitian ini sesuai dengan kebutuhan Program KF yang mengutamakan pembelajaran life skills. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa paket pembelajaran modul dan video tentang membuat manisan nangka digemari oleh 30 orang responden warga belajar di Kelompok Belajar (Kejar) Bougenvile, Kelurahan Medokan Semampir, Sukolilo, Surabaya. Sebagai mata pelajaran baru, hasil belajar warga belajar menunjukkan nilai teori dan nilai praktek yang sangat memuaskan.

PENGEMBANGAN PAKET PEMBELAJARAN KETERAMPILAN MEMBUAT MANISAN NANGKA UNTUK PROGRAM KEAKSARAAN FUNGSIONAL MANDIRI

One of the role of Instructional Technology is the provision of learning resources through the development. Especially in the Functional Literacy Programm (Program Keaksaraan Fungsional/KF) on Mandiri Level, study material that really designed for learning is not available yet. This study aims to develop skills learning package such as video learning and modules by taking a theme about making candied jackfruit. This is suitable with the implementation of the KF program that promotes life skills learning. The results revealed that the learning package of making candied jackfruit favored by 30 respondents of the student in Bougenvile Study Group, Medokan Semampir Village, Sukolilo, Surabaya. As new subjects, students learning outcomes perfome a very satisfactory theory and practice value.AbstrakSalah satu peran Teknologi Pembelajaran adalah penyediaan sumber-sumber belajar melalui kegiatan pengembangan (development). Namun untuk program Keaksaraan Fungsional (KF) Tingkat Mandiri, belum sepenuhnya tersedia sumber belajar yang dirancang khusus (by design) untuk pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Paket Pembelajaran Keterampilan (PPK) berupa modul dan video pembelajaran tentang membuat manisan nangka. Penelitian ini sesuai dengan kebutuhan Program KF yang mengutamakan pembelajaran life skills. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa paket pembelajaran modul dan video tentang membuat manisan nangka digemari oleh 30 orang responden warga belajar di Kelompok Belajar (Kejar) Bougenvile, Kelurahan Medokan Semampir, Sukolilo, Surabaya. Sebagai mata pelajaran baru, hasil belajar warga belajar menunjukkan nilai teori dan nilai praktek yang sangat memuaskan.