COVID-19 and Diabetes

The prevalence of diabetes in people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has varied worldwide. Most of the available evidence suggests a significant increase in severity and mortality of COVID-19 in people with either type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in association with poor glycemic control. While new-onset hyperglycemia and new-onset diabetes (both T1DM and T2DM) have been increasingly recognized in the context of COVID-19 and have been associated with worse outcome, no conclusive evidence yet suggests direct tropism of SARS-CoV-2 on the β cells of pancreatic islets. While all approved oral antidiabetic agents appear to be safe in people with T2DM having COVID-19, no conclusive data are yet available to indicate a mortality benefit with any class of these drugs, in the absence of large randomized controlled trials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Defining and Classifying New Subgroups of Diabetes

Annual Review of Medicine ◽

10.1146/annurev-med-050219-034524 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ashok Balasubramanyam

Keyword(s):

Neonatal Diabetes ◽

Large Datasets ◽

Annual Review ◽

Publication Date ◽

Maturity Onset Diabetes ◽

Bioinformatic Approaches ◽

Complex Forms

An etiologically based classification of diabetes is needed to account for the heterogeneity of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D) and emerging forms of diabetes worldwide. It may be productive for both classification and clinical discovery to consider variant forms of diabetes as a spectrum. Maturity onset diabetes of youth and neonatal diabetes serve as models for etiologically defined, rare forms of diabetes in the spectrum. Ketosis-prone diabetes is a model for more complex forms, amenable to phenotypic dissection. Bioinformatic approaches such as clustering analyses of large datasets and multi-omics investigations of rare and atypical phenotypes are promising avenues to explore and define new subgroups of diabetes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 72 is January 27, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Periodontal treatment increases quality of life outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients with periodontitis: the randomized-controlled trial DIAPERIO

10.26226/morressier.5ac383212afeeb00097a4418 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Thibault Canceill

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Life Outcomes ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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An Analysis of Patient Acceptance and Safety of a Prefilled Insulin Injection Device

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/193229680900300625 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 1439-1441 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lisa Kroon

Keyword(s):

Insulin Injection ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Patient Acceptance ◽

Delivery Device ◽

Injection Device ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Clinical Advantage ◽

Injection Force

This article summarizes and interprets the findings of Carter and colleagues in this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, a study of the real world use of a prefilled insulin pen device. In this observational study, people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes rated their experience with the SoloSTAR pen device after 6–10 weeks of use. Data on patient satisfaction, product technical complaints, and adverse effects were reported. Randomized, controlled trials are needed that compare the various pen devices and the vial/syringe in terms of accuracy of dosing, adherence to therapy, and ease of use (including patient perception of injection force required) to assess whether a particular method of insulin delivery or pen delivery device provides a clinical advantage over another.

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Type 2 Diabetes in Youth

Global Pediatric Health ◽

10.1177/2333794x20981343 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 2333794X2098134

Author(s):

Goutham Rao ◽

Elizabeth T. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

The United States ◽

Second Line Therapy ◽

Educational Value ◽

Line Therapy ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Diabetes In Youth ◽

New Onset

The incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in the United States rose at an annual rate of 4.8% between 2002-2003 and 2014-2015. Type 2 diabetes progresses more aggressively to complications than type 1 diabetes. For example, in one large epidemiological study, proliferative retinopathy affected 5.6% and 9.1% of children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Screening begins at age 10 or at onset of puberty, and is recommended among children with a BMI% ≥85 with risk factors such as a family history and belonging to a high risk racial or ethnic or racial group. HbA1C% is preferred for screening as it does not require fasting. As distinguishing between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is not straightforward, all children with new onset disease should undergo autoantibody testing. Results of lifestyle interventions for control of type 2 diabetes have been disappointing, but are still recommended for their educational value and the potential impact upon some participants. There is limited evidence for the benefit of newer mediations. Liraglutide, a GLP-1 agonist, however, has been shown to significantly reduce HbA1C% in one study and is now approved for children. Liraglutide should be considered as second line therapy.

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Substance P preserves pancreatic β-cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ◽

10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.028 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 499 (4) ◽

pp. 960-966 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jihyun Um ◽

Nunggum Jung ◽

Dongjin Kim ◽

Sanghyuk Choi ◽

Sang-Ho Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance P ◽

Diabetic Mice ◽

Β Cells ◽

Pancreatic Β Cells ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Long-term safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trials

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1517/14656566.2014.887680 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 749-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Yukio Tanizawa ◽

Kohei Kaku ◽

Eiichi Araki ◽

Kazuyuki Tobe ◽

Yasuo Terauchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Japanese Patients ◽

Selective Inhibitor ◽

Open Label ◽

Oral Antidiabetic Agents ◽

Antidiabetic Agents ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Oral Antidiabetic ◽

Sodium Glucose Cotransporter

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Treatment with Mammalian Ste-20-like Kinase 1/2 (MST1/2) Inhibitor XMU-MP-1 Improves Glucose Tolerance in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mice

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25194381 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (19) ◽

pp. 4381

Author(s):

Zakiyatul Faizah ◽

Bella Amanda ◽

Faisal Yusuf Ashari ◽

Efta Triastuti ◽

Rebecca Oxtoby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Diabetic Mice ◽

Β Cells ◽

Pancreatic Β Cells ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Type 2 Dm ◽

Type 1 Dm

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major causes of death in the world. There are two types of DM—type 1 DM and type 2 DM. Type 1 DM can only be treated by insulin injection whereas type 2 DM is commonly treated using anti-hyperglycemic agents. Despite its effectiveness in controlling blood glucose level, this therapeutic approach is not able to reduce the decline in the number of functional pancreatic β cells. MST1 is a strong pro-apoptotic kinase that is expressed in pancreatic β cells. It induces β cell death and impairs insulin secretion. Recently, a potent and specific inhibitor for MST1, called XMU-MP-1, was identified and characterized. We hypothesized that treatment with XMU-MP-1 would produce beneficial effects by improving the survival and function of the pancreatic β cells. We used INS-1 cells and STZ-induced diabetic mice as in vitro and in vivo models to test the effect of XMU-MP-1 treatment. We found that XMU-MP-1 inhibited MST1/2 activity in INS-1 cells. Moreover, treatment with XMU-MP-1 produced a beneficial effect in improving glucose tolerance in the STZ-induced diabetic mouse model. Histological analysis indicated that XMU-MP-1 increased the number of pancreatic β cells and enhanced Langerhans islet area in the severe diabetic mice. Overall, this study showed that MST1 could become a promising therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus.

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CONCENTRATED INSULINS: CLINICAL UPDATE OF THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS

Endocrine Practice ◽

10.4158/ep-2019-0607 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (Supplement 3) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Guillermo E. Umpierrez ◽

Elizabeth H. Holt ◽

Daniel Einhorn ◽

Janet B. McGill

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Insulin Therapy ◽

Insulin Infusion ◽

Cell Function ◽

Total Daily Dose ◽

Β Cell ◽

Oral Antidiabetic Agents

Improved glycemic control is associated with a reduced risk of diabetic complications. Optimal management of patients with type 2 diabetes includes nutritional therapy, physical activity, and pharmacotherapy for glycemic control. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are initially managed with oral antidiabetic agents, but as β-cell function declines and the disease progresses, insulin therapy is frequently needed to maintain glycemic control. Insulin therapy given with multidose insulin injection regimen or by continuous insulin infusion is needed for patients with type 1 diabetes to achieve control. Obesity and its associated insulin resistance contribute to greater insulin requirements in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes to achieve glycemic control, creating a need for concentrated insulin. Concentrated insulin formulations can be prescribed as an alternative to 100 unit/mL insulin and provide the advantage of low injection volume, leading to less pain and possibly fewer insulin injections. This review includes a stepwise analysis of all currently available concentrated insulin products, analyzes the most up-to-date evidence, and presents this in combination with expert guidance and commentary in an effort to provide clinicians with a thorough overview of the characteristics and benefits of concentrated insulins in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes–instilling confidence when recommending, prescribing, and adjusting these medications. Abbreviations: A1C = glycated hemoglobin; β-cell = pancreatic betacell; BG = blood glucose; CI = confidence interval; CSII = continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; MDI = multiple daily injections; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PD = pharmacodynamic; PK = pharmacokinetic; TDD = total daily dose; U100 = 100 units/mL; U200 = 200 units/mL; U300 = 300 units/mL; U500 = 500 units/mL; USD = United States dollars

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METABOLIC PHENOTYPING GUIDELINES: Assessing glucose homeostasis in rodent models

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-14-0182 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 222 (3) ◽

pp. G13-G25 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

James E Bowe ◽

Zara J Franklin ◽

Astrid C Hauge-Evans ◽

Aileen J King ◽

Shanta J Persaud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Β Cells ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Autoimmune Destruction ◽

Normal Glucose

The pathophysiology of diabetes as a disease is characterised by an inability to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. In type 1 diabetes, this is due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells and subsequent lack of insulin production, and in type 2 diabetes it is due to a combination of both insulin resistance and an inability of the β-cells to compensate adequately with increased insulin release. Animal models, in particular genetically modified mice, are increasingly being used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and as such the ability to study glucose homeostasisin vivohas become an essential tool. Several techniques exist for measuring different aspects of glucose tolerance and each of these methods has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Thus the appropriate methodology may vary from study to study depending on the desired end-points, the animal model, and other practical considerations. This review outlines the most commonly used techniques for assessing glucose tolerance in rodents and details the factors that should be taken into account in their use. Representative scenarios illustrating some of the practical considerations of designingin vivoexperiments for the measurement of glucose homeostasis are also discussed.

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