The Theory and Neuroscience of Cerebellar Cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy D. Schmahmann ◽  
Xavier Guell ◽  
Catherine J. Stoodley ◽  
Mark A. Halko
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Behavioral Neurology ◽  
Cortical Connections ◽  
Dysmetria Of Thought ◽  
Sensorimotor Representations

Cerebellar neuroscience has undergone a paradigm shift. The theories of the universal cerebellar transform and dysmetria of thought and the principles of organization of cerebral cortical connections, together with neuroanatomical, brain imaging, and clinical observations, have recontextualized the cerebellum as a critical node in the distributed neural circuits subserving behavior. The framework for cerebellar cognition stems from the identification of three cognitive representations in the posterior lobe, which are interconnected with cerebral association areas and distinct from the primary and secondary cerebellar sensorimotor representations linked with the spinal cord and cerebral motor areas. Lesions of the anterior lobe primary sensorimotor representations produce dysmetria of movement, the cerebellar motor syndrome. Lesions of the posterior lobe cognitive-emotional cerebellum produce dysmetria of thought and emotion, the cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome. The notion that the cerebellum modulates thought and emotion in the same way that it modulates motor control advances the understanding of the mechanisms of cognition and opens new therapeutic opportunities in behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry.

On the content of prolan in the pituitary gland

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 634-634
Author(s):  
P. Badul
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in a bull is free of prolan, while in a human it contains prolan. Only here it can be found in that part of the posterior pituitary lobe adjacent to the anterior lobe. In the bull, too, this part of the pituitary gland is completely free of prolan content. Histological examination shows that in humans, this part of the posterior lobe is crossed by bands of cells from the anterior lobe, which consist exclusively of basophilic cells.

Adaptation to Visuomotor Rotation and Force Field Perturbation Is Correlated to Different Brain Areas in Patients With Cerebellar Degeneration

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1961-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rabe ◽  
O. Livne ◽  
E. R. Gizewski ◽  
V. Aurich ◽  
A. Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Cerebellar Degeneration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Dynamic Errors ◽  
And Gender

Although it is widely agreed that the cerebellum is necessary for learning and consolidation of new motor tasks, it is not known whether adaptation to kinematic and dynamic errors is processed by the same cerebellar areas or whether different parts play a decisive role. We investigated arm movements in a visuomotor (VM) rotation and a force field (FF) perturbation task in 14 participants with cerebellar degeneration and 14 age- and gender-matched controls. Magnetic resonance images were used to calculate the volume of cerebellar areas (medial, intermediate, and lateral zones of the anterior and posterior lobes) and to identify cerebellar structure important for the two tasks. Corroborating previous studies, cerebellar participants showed deficits in adaptation to both tasks compared with controls ( P < 0.001). However, it was not possible to draw conclusions from the performance in one task on the performance in the other task because an individual participant could show severe impairment in one task and perform relatively well in the other (ρ = 0.1; P = 0.73). We found that atrophy of distinct cerebellar areas correlated with impairment in different tasks. Whereas atrophy of the intermediate and lateral zone of the anterior lobe correlated with impairment in the FF task (ρ = 0.72, 0.70; P = 0.003, 0.005, respectively), atrophy of the intermediate zone of the posterior lobe correlated with adaptation deficits in the VM task (ρ = 0.64; P = 0.015). Our results suggest that adaptation to the different tasks is processed independently and relies on different cerebellar structures.

scholarly journals Prominent Inhibitory Projections Guide Sensorimotor Computation: An Invertebrate Perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Hughes ◽  
Tansu Celikel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Circuit Complexity ◽  
Inhibitory Circuits ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Gating Mechanism ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Sensorimotor Representations

From single-cell organisms to complex neural networks, all evolved to provide control solutions to generate context and goal-specific actions. Neural circuits performing sensorimotor computation to drive navigation employ inhibitory control as a gating mechanism, as they hierarchically transform (multi)sensory information into motor actions. Here, we focus on this literature to critically discuss the proposition that prominent inhibitory projections form sensorimotor circuits. After reviewing the neural circuits of navigation across various invertebrate species, we argue that with increased neural circuit complexity and the emergence of parallel computations inhibitory circuits acquire new functions. The contribution of inhibitory neurotransmission for navigation goes beyond shaping the communication that drives motor neurons, instead, include encoding of emergent sensorimotor representations. A mechanistic understanding of the neural circuits performing sensorimotor computations in invertebrates will unravel the minimum circuit requirements driving adaptive navigation.

scholarly journals Expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase in the female rat pituitary

2000 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Vidal ◽  
A Roman ◽  
L Moya ◽  
K Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Almost All

3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 beta-HSD) catalyses an essential step in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and is widely distributed in peripheral steroid target organs. The present report describes for first time the expression of this enzyme in the pituitary of female rats. Immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level was performed on pro-oestrous and ovariectomized rat pituitaries. Immunoreactive cells were scattered and randomly distributed throughout the anterior lobe, whereas cells located in the posterior lobe and pars intermedia were immunonegative. Differences were observed in cell morphology and in the number of 3 beta-HSD-immunopositive cells between ovariectomized and pro-oestrous female rat pituitaries, suggesting that steroidogenic activity is affected by ovarian endocrine function. Apart from adenohypophyseal immunoreactive cells, 3 beta-HSD immunopositivity was also noted in endothelial cells of almost all pituitary capillaries located in the anterior and posterior lobes.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical demonstration of tissue-type plasminogen activator in endocrine cells of the rat pituitary gland.

1985 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kristensen ◽  
L S Nielsen ◽  
J Grøndahl-Hansen ◽  
P B Andresen ◽  
L I Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Rat Pituitary

We immunocytochemically stained rat pituitary glands using antibodies against plasminogen activators of the tissue type (t-PA) and the urokinase type (u-PA). A large population of endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the gland displayed intense cytoplasmic immunoreactivity with anti-t-PA. In some areas of the intermediate lobe we found a weak staining, and we observed weakly staining granular structures in the posterior lobe. Controls included absorption of the antibodies with highly purified t-PA. In addition, SDS PAGE followed by immunoblotting of pituitary gland extracts revealed only one band with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of t-PA when stained with anti-t-PA IgG. No u-PA immunoreactivity was detected in the rat pituitary gland. Sequential staining experiments using antibodies against growth hormone and t-PA demonstrated that the t-PA-immunoreactive cells constitute a large subpopulation of the growth hormone-containing cells. These findings represent the first direct evidence for the presence of t-PA in cell types other than endothelial cells in the intact normal organism. In this article we discuss the implications of the results for a possible role of t-PA in the posttranslational processing of prohormones.

Species of the Maera-clade collected from Japan. Part 2: genera Austromaera Lowry & Springthorpe, 2005 and Quadrimaera Krapp-Schickel & Ruffo, 2000 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Maeridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4554 (2) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
HIROYUKI ARIYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Ariake Sea ◽  
Yakushima Island ◽  
The World ◽  
Osaka Prefecture ◽  
Kagoshima Prefecture ◽  
Iwate Prefecture ◽  
Nagasaki Prefecture

One species of Austromaera Lowry & Springthorpe, 2005 and four species of Quadrimaera Krapp-Schickel & Ruffo, 2000 included in the Maera clade, are described from Japan. Austromaera ariakensis sp. nov. is described, based on collections from Ariake Sea and can be distinguished from its congeners by the acutely produced coxa 1 and the merus of gnathopod 2 with a small posterodistal spine. Quadrimaera gotoensis sp. nov. from Goto Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture has a small quadrate excavation on the middle palmar margin of the male gnathopod 2. This new species is different from Q. mirandella Appadoo, Myers & Fagoonee, 2002 having such an excavation, in the larger posterodistal tooth of the male gnathopod 2 propodus and the wider bases of the pereopods 5–7. Quadrimaera pacifica (Schellenberg, 1938) was collected from many localities from Iwate Prefecture to Ariake Sea. This species is characterized by the transverse palm of the male gnathopod 2 with the large posterodistal tooth, the small rounded excavation in the middle and the anterior lobe narrower and produced more distally than the posterior lobe. Morphology of Q. pacifica is variable in the posterior excavation of the male gnathopod 2 palm, the uropod 3 rami and the distal end of the telson. Quadrimaera quadrimana (Dana, 1853) from the south of Yakushima Island in Kagoshima Prefecture has a distinct palm of the male gnathopod 2 with three excavations. Quadrimaera setibasis sp. nov. collected from the intertidal zone in Osaka Prefecture has a setose basis of the pereopod 6 like Q. schellenbergi (Ruffo 1938), but the bases of the pereopods 5 and 7 are not setose. A key to species of Austromaera in the world is provided. 

scholarly journals The Detailed Organization of the Human Cerebellum Estimated by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity Within the Individual

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aihuiping Xue ◽  
Ru Kong ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Mark C. Eldaief ◽  
Peter Angeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Field ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
Crus I ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

Distinct regions of the cerebellum connect to separate regions of the cerebral cortex forming a complex topography. While cerebellar organization has been examined in group-averaged data, study of individuals provides an opportunity to discover features that emerge at a higher spatial resolution. Here functional connectivity MRI was used to examine the cerebellum of two intensively-sampled individuals (each scanned 31 times). Connectivity to somatomotor cortex showed the expected crossed laterality and topography of the body maps. A surprising discovery was connectivity to the primary visual cortex along the vermis with evidence for representation of the central field. Within the hemispheres, each individual displayed a hierarchical progression from the inverted anterior lobe somatomotor map through to higher-order association zones. The hierarchy ended at Crus I/II and then progressed in reverse order through to the upright somatomotor map in the posterior lobe. Evidence for a third set of networks was found in the most posterior extent of the cerebellum. Detailed analysis of the higher-order association networks revealed robust representations of two distinct networks linked to the default network, multiple networks linked to cognitive control, as well as a separate representation of a language network. While idiosyncratic spatial details emerged between subjects, each network could be detected in both individuals, and seed regions placed within the cerebellum recapitulated the full extent of the spatially-specific cerebral networks. The observation of multiple networks in juxtaposed regions at the Crus I/II apex confirms the importance of this zone to higher-order cognitive function and reveals new organizational details.

scholarly journals NEW GENUS INCLUDING TWO NEW SPECIES OF SALDIDÆ

1901 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 181-182
Author(s):  
Herbert Osborn
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Two New Species

Head narrower, eyes nearer together than in Salda, ocelli approximate, frontal ridge weak, becoming obsolete at base of tylus, bucculæ enlarged; antennæ with the two distal joints incrassate, rostrum as in Salda, basal joints very thick, second elongate, terminal very slender. Prothorax bearing two very prominent conical tubercles on anterior lobe, which is narrow, cylindrical, not carinate anteriorly; posterior lobe short, carinate laterally, widening rapidly to humeri.

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