Culture, Mind, and the Brain: Current Evidence and Future Directions

This is a brief review of current evidence for the relationships between physical activity and exercise and the brain and cognition throughout the life span in non-pathological populations. We focus on the effects of both aerobic and resistance training and provide a brief overview of potential neurobiological mechanisms derived from non-human animal models. Whereas research has focused primarily on the benefits of aerobic exercise in youth and young adult populations, there is growing evidence that both aerobic and resistance training are important for maintaining cognitive and brain health in old age. Finally, in these contexts, we point out gaps in the literature and future directions that will help advance the field of exercise neuroscience, including more studies that explicitly examine the effect of exercise type and intensity on cognition, the brain, and clinically significant outcomes. There is also a need for human neuroimaging studies to adopt a more unified multi-modal framework and for greater interaction between human and animal models of exercise effects on brain and cognition across the life span.

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Levosimendan to facilitate weaning from cardiorespiratory support in critically ill patients: current evidence and future directions

Minerva Anestesiologica ◽

10.23736/s0375-9393.20.14219-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Fabio Sangalli ◽

Giacomo Bellani ◽

Alessandro Affronti ◽

Francesca Volpi ◽

Marco Feri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critically Ill ◽

Critically Ill Patients ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Future Directions

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for the Treatment of Refractory Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Current Evidence and Future Directions

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612821666150619093648 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (23) ◽

pp. 3373-3383 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Marine Mondino ◽

Jerome Brunelin ◽

Ulrich Palm ◽

Andre Brunoni ◽

Emmanuel Poulet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Direct Current ◽

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Future Directions ◽

Direct Current Stimulation ◽

Refractory Symptoms

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Integrated Biomarkers for Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Critical Review

Current Alzheimer Research ◽

10.2174/1567205013666160603011256 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 441-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sofia Wenzler ◽

Christian Knochel ◽

Ceylan Balaban ◽

Dominik Kraft ◽

Juliane Kopf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Affect Regulation ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Diagnostic Process ◽

Neuropsychiatric Manifestation ◽

The Brain ◽

Control Functional

Depression is a common neuropsychiatric manifestation among Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. It may compromise everyday activities and lead to a faster cognitive decline as well as worse quality of life. The identification of promising biomarkers may therefore help to timely initiate and improve the treatment of preclinical and clinical states of AD, and to improve the long-term functional outcome. In this narrative review, we report studies that investigated biomarkers for AD-related depression. Genetic findings state AD-related depression as a rather complex, multifactorial trait with relevant environmental and inherited contributors. However, one specific set of genes, the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), specifically the Val66Met polymorphism, may play a crucial role in AD-related depression. Regarding neuroimaging markers, the most promising findings reveal structural impairments in the cortico-subcortical networks that are related to affect regulation and reward / aversion control. Functional imaging studies reveal abnormalities in predominantly frontal and temporal regions. Furthermore, CSF based biomarkers are seen as potentially promising for the diagnostic process showing abnormalities in metabolic pathways that contribute to AD-related depression. However, there is a need for standardization of methodological issues and for replication of current evidence with larger cohorts and prospective studies.

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Alcohol Use Disorder

10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Igor Ponomarev

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Alcohol Use Disorder ◽

Critical Discussion ◽

Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽

Future Directions ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Early Life Exposures ◽

The Brain ◽

Epigenetic Research

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by clinically significant impairments in health and social function. Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation may provide an attractive explanation for how early life exposures to alcohol contribute to the development of AUD and exert lifelong effects on the brain. This chapter provides a critical discussion of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in AUD etiology and the potential of epigenetic research to improve diagnosis, evaluate risks for alcohol-induced pathologies, and promote development of novel therapies for the prevention and treatment of AUD. Challenges of the current epigenetic approaches and future directions are also discussed.

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A Review on the Value of Imaging in Differentiating between Large Vessel Vasculitis and Atherosclerosis

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11030236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 236

Author(s):

Pieter H. Nienhuis ◽

Gijs D. van Praagh ◽

Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans ◽

Elisabeth Brouwer ◽

Riemer H. J. A. Slart

Keyword(s):

Fdg Pet ◽

Large Vessel Vasculitis ◽

Large Vessel ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Future Directions ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

Review Reports ◽

Ct Studies

Imaging is becoming increasingly important for the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis (LVV). Atherosclerosis may be difficult to distinguish from LVV on imaging as both are inflammatory conditions of the arterial wall. Differentiating atherosclerosis from LVV is important to enable optimal diagnosis, risk assessment, and tailored treatment at a patient level. This paper reviews the current evidence of ultrasound (US), 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to distinguish LVV from atherosclerosis. In this review, we identified a total of eight studies comparing LVV patients to atherosclerosis patients using imaging—four US studies, two FDG-PET studies, and two CT studies. The included studies mostly applied different methodologies and outcome parameters to investigate vessel wall inflammation. This review reports the currently available evidence and provides recommendations on further methodological standardization methods and future directions for research.

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Prevention and early help for eating disorders in young people with type 1 diabetes

Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/1359104521994172 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135910452199417

Author(s):

Rosie Oldham-Cooper ◽

Claire Semple

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Early Intervention ◽

Young People ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Future Directions ◽

Team Collaboration ◽

Children And Young People ◽

Specialist Services

There is building evidence that early intervention is key to improving outcomes in eating disorders, whereas a ‘watch and wait’ approach that has been commonplace among GPs and other healthcare professionals is now strongly discouraged. Eating disorders occur at approximately twice the rate in individuals with type 1 diabetes compared to the general population. In this group, standard eating disorder treatments have poorer outcomes, and eating disorders result in a particularly high burden of morbidity. Therefore, our first priority must be prevention, with early intervention where disordered eating has already developed. Clinicians working in both eating disorders and diabetes specialist services have highlighted the need for multidisciplinary team collaboration and specific training, as well as improved treatments. We review the current evidence and future directions for prevention, identification and early intervention for eating disorders in children and young people with type 1 diabetes.

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