Effects of lost surface area on red blood cells and red blood cell survival in mice

The effects of removing area from mouse red blood cells on the fate of the cells after reinfusion were investigated. When cells were made nearly spherical (by reducing cell area by approximately 35%) and then reinfused into the animal, most were cleared from the circulation within 1-2 h, although approximately 20% of the cells survived for 4 h or longer. When only 20% of the area was removed (leaving a 15% excess), more than 90% of the cells continued to circulate for 4 h. After reinfusion, the mean surface area of the surviving cells remained constant (73-75 microns2), but the mean volume decreased, from 56.6 +/- 2.1 to 19.1 +/- 1.5 microns3 (+/- SD of 5 replicates) over 4 h. These changes did not occur in cells suspended in plasma but not reinfused into the animal. Thus a loss of surface area results in a decrease in cell volume, as if to maintain a requisite degree of deformability. The results support the hypothesis that the increase in cell density associated with increasing cell age may be a consequence of surface area loss.

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Susceptibility of density-fractionated erythrocytes to subhaemolytic mechanical shear stress

The International Journal of Artificial Organs ◽

10.1177/0391398818790334 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 151-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Antony P McNamee ◽

Kieran Richardson ◽

Jarod Horobin ◽

Lennart Kuck ◽

Michael J Simmonds

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Shear Stresses ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Cell Deformability ◽

Red Blood Cell Deformability ◽

Cell Age ◽

Low Shear

Introduction: Accumulating evidence demonstrates that subhaemolytic mechanical stresses, typical of circulatory support, induce physical and biochemical changes to red blood cells. It remains unclear, however, whether cell age affects susceptibility to these mechanical forces. This study thus examined the sensitivity of density-fractionated red blood cells to sublethal mechanical stresses. Methods: Red blood cells were isolated and washed twice, with the least and most dense fractions being obtained following centrifugation (1500 g × 5 min). Red blood cell deformability was determined across an osmotic gradient and a range of shear stresses (0.3–50 Pa). Cell deformability was also quantified before and after 300 s exposure to shear stresses known to decrease (64 Pa) or increase (10 Pa) red blood cell deformability. The time course of accumulated sublethal damage that occurred during exposure to 64 Pa was also examined. Results: Dense red blood cells exhibited decreased capacity to deform when compared with less dense cells. Cellular response to mechanical stimuli was similar in trend for all red blood cells, independent of density; however, the magnitude of impairment in cell deformability was exacerbated in dense cells. Moreover, the rate of impairment in cellular deformability, induced by 64 Pa, was more rapid for dense cells. Relative improvement in red blood cell deformability, due to low-shear conditioning (10 Pa), was consistent for both cell populations. Conclusion: Red blood cell populations respond differently to mechanical stimuli: older (more dense) cells are highly susceptible to sublethal mechanical trauma, while cell age (density) does not appear to alter the magnitude of improved cell deformability following low-shear conditioning.

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Blood flow and volume distribution during forced submergence in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z88-232 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 66 (7) ◽

pp. 1589-1596 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. R. A. Heieis ◽

David R. Jones

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Area Measurement ◽

Volume Distribution ◽

Residual Blood ◽

Time Required

Blood is the major oxygen store in ducks forced to dive, and underwater endurance depends on how much of this store can be used by oxygen-sensitive tissues such as the heart and brain. Arterial injection of macroaggregated albumin labelled with technetium-99 m, which is trapped and held by capillaries, showed that circulation in dives was restricted to the thoracic and head areas. However, tracing red blood cells labelled with technetium-99 m as they were injected during dives showed not only that the time required for the activity to reach equilibrium was 4–10 times longer than when labelled cells were injected into resting ducks but also that blood flow continued in the leg and visceral regions. Tracing red blood cells, labelled with technetium-99 m and mixed in the circulation before a dive, during the dive showed that labelled red blood cells were redistributed from the peripheral and visceral areas to the central cardiovascular area. Measurement of circulating red blood cell volume during and after diving showed that, on average, 75.24 ± 4.56% of the total red blood cell volume was circulated during forced submergence. Hence, in forced dives, red blood cell volume is positioned in such a manner that the heart and brain have access to the oxygen stored there, and the residual blood flow in the periphery ensures that most of the red blood cell volume is circulated.

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Red blood cell volume and distribution before and after bleed-out in the rat

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.198.6.1177 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 198 (6) ◽

pp. 1177-1180 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Robert J. Dellenback ◽

Gerhard H. Muelheims

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Before And After ◽

Negligible Contribution

The distribution of red blood cells in nine normal Nembutalized rats (323.2–415.0 gm body weight) was determined by the Cr51-labeled red blood cell technique. Microliters of red blood cells per total and per gram of tissue are reported for the testes, brain, intestine, kidney, heart-lung, spleen, liver, bone, muscle and skin. Values are also listed for the same organs and tissues determined after rapid bleed-out as found by Muelheims, Dellenback and Rawson. A comparison of these values shows that the liver, heart-lung and muscle contribute approximately 80% of all red blood cells removed in the hemorrhage. The skin, bone, kidney and intestine contribute as a group the remaining 20% with a negligible contribution from the testes and brain and no contribution from the spleen.

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Quality control in the different stages of producing red blood cell concentrate from dogs

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-10142 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 93-101

Author(s):

M.N.A. Marchi ◽

P.E. Luz ◽

R.R. Martins ◽

S.M. Simonelli ◽

U.P. Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Storage Period ◽

Packed Red Blood Cells ◽

Production Stages ◽

The Mean ◽

Selection Of

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to perform a quality control assessment of red blood cells after standardization of the blood production stages. For this purpose, separation of the blood components to obtain red blood cells, the storage of the blood packets and an evaluation of blood quality were performed. The mean (± SD) volume, globular volume, hemoglobin and hemolysis percentage of the red blood cell concentrate were 299.77±30.08mL, 60.87±2.60%, 20.57±0.93g/DL and 0.09±0.07%, respectively. The means (± SD) of the volume, globular volume, total hemoglobin percentage of hemolysis and hemoglobin per unit of packed red blood cells after the storage period (8.83±6.73 days) were 57.55±3.01%, 20.30±0.89 0, 20±0.12%, and 60.90±7.65. The red blood cell packets were within the parameters of quality control established by Health Ministry legislation in humans and allow us to conclude that the standardization of blood production stages involves the selection of donors until the end of storage and is necessary to produce quality red blood cells. Quality control aims to find possible flaws in the procedures to be repaired, increasing transfusion safety.

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Red blood cells do not contribute to removal of K+ released from exhaustively working forearm muscle

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.326 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 326-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

N. Maassen ◽

M. Foerster ◽

H. Mairbäurl

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Plasma Osmolality ◽

Cell Water ◽

Forearm Exercise ◽

Hb Concentration ◽

Forearm Muscle

K+ released from exercising muscle via K+ channels needs to be removed from the interstitium into the blood to maintain high muscle cell membrane potential and allow normal muscle contractility. Uptake by red blood cells has been discussed as one mechanism that would also serve to regulate red blood cell volume, which was found to be constant despite increased plasma osmolality and K+ concentration ([[Formula: see text]]). We evaluated exercise-related changes in [[Formula: see text]], pH, osmolality, mean cellular Hb concentration, cell water, and red blood cell K+ concentration during exhaustive handgrip exercise. Unidirectional86Rb+(K+) uptake by red blood cells was measured in media with elevated extracellular K+, osmolarity, and catecholamines to simulate particularly those exercise-related changes in plasma composition that are known to stimulate K+ uptake. During exercise [[Formula: see text]] increased from 4.4 ± 0.7 to 7.1 ± 0.5 mmol/l plasma water and red blood cell K+ concentration increased from 137.2 ± 6.0 to 144.6 ± 4.6 mmol/l cell water ( P ≤ 0.05), but the intracellular K+-to-mean cellular Hb concentration ratio did not change.86Rb+uptake by red blood cells was increased by ∼20% on stimulation, caused by activation of the Na+-K+pump and Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransport. Results indicate the K+ content of red blood cells did not change as cells passed the exhaustively exercising forearm muscle despite the elevated [[Formula: see text]]. The tendency for an increase in intracellular K+ concentration was due to a slight, although statistically not significant, decrease in red blood cell volume. K+ uptake, although elevated, was too small to move significant amounts of K+ into red blood cells. Our results suggest that red blood cells do not contribute to the removal of K+ released from muscle and do not regulate their volume by K+uptake during exhaustive forearm exercise.

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Effect of osmolality on red blood cell viscosity and transit through the lung

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1977.42.6.941 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 941-945 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. M. Effros ◽

R. S. Chang ◽

P. Silverman

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Size ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Relative Rate ◽

Red Cell ◽

Transit Times ◽

The Mean

The mean transit times of labeled red blood cells and albumin were compared in eight isolated rabbit lungs perfused with physiological albumin solutions. The osmolality of these solutions was adjusted by altering the concentration of sodium chloride. The ratios of the mean transit times of injected red blood cells to those of albumin increased as perfusion osmolality increased from hypotonic to isotonic and from isotonic to hypertonic levels. This change occurred despite a decline in pulmonary vascular resistance and red blood cell size as osmolality was increased. Red blood cell viscosity (determined with a cone-plate viscometer) increased with osmolality and it was concluded that this change of viscosity impaired the relative rate of red blood cell transit through the lungs. Passage of red blood cells through rigid homoporous membranes appeared to be related primarily to red cell size rather than vascosity. These observations suggest that both red blood cell viscosity and capillary distensibility play an important role in determining the velocity of red blood cells through the capillaries.

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Red blood cell volume as a predictor of fatal reactions in cattle infected with Theileria parva Katete

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v74i1.138 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

Author(s):

P. Fandamu ◽

T. Marcotty ◽

J.R.A. Brandt ◽

L. Duchateau ◽

N. Speybroeck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Packed Cell Volume ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽

Corpuscular Volume ◽

Theileria Parva ◽

Fatal Reaction

A comparison of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and packed cell volume (PCV) was made between cattle undergoing lethal and non-lethal reactions following experimental infections with the apicomplexan protozoa, Theileria parva Katete. This work confirmed that anaemia occurs in infected animals. However, the fall in PCV was steeper in lethal reactions compared to non-lethal reactions. Our results show that animals with initially lower MCV values are more prone to fatal reaction, despite having normal PCV profiles. The study also found that small red blood cells are more likely to be infected with T. parva. These findings suggest that animals with a higher proportion of small red blood cells in circulation will be more likely to succumb to T. parva infections. The potential for using MCV as a predictor of the outcome of infection challenge is discussed.

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Estrogen modulates phospholipid acylation in red blood cells: relationship to cell aging

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.3.c423 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 261 (3) ◽

pp. C423-C427 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. Le Petit-Thevenin ◽

B. Lerique ◽

O. Nobili ◽

J. Boyer

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Ethinyl Estradiol ◽

Female Rats ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Cell Aging ◽

Acyl Acceptor ◽

Cell Age

Ethinyl estradiol administered in vivo to female rats resulted in a mild anemia with a 120% increase in reticulocytosis. Consistent with a previous study, the red blood cell cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar ratio was decreased by 25%, whereas fatty acyl incorporation was significantly increased into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and not into phosphatidylcholine (PC), the major acyl acceptor in red blood cells. Analysis of this estrogen-dependent acylation increase as a function of cell age indicated that it was not expressed in reticulocytes but in erythrocytes and was associated with cell aging. Estrogen was further shown to increase the red blood cell susceptibility to peroxidation generated by incubation with H2O2. Altogether, the results suggest that estrogen indirectly increases phospholipid acylation in red blood cells by decreasing protection against oxidative damage, thereby favoring the action of endogenous phospholipases against oxidized substrates. This occurs predominantly in PE of oldest cells because 1) PE, being more unsaturated than PC, is more sensitive to oxidation, and 2) susceptibility to oxidation increases with cell age.

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Red blood cell volume and distribution after bleed-out in the rat as determined by Cr51-labeled red blood cells

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.196.1.169 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 196 (1) ◽

pp. 169-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Gerhard Muelheims ◽

Robert Dellenback ◽

Ruth Rawson

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Total Tissue

The distribution of red blood cells after bleed-out was determined in 20 Nembutalized rats (307.1–484.4 gm body weight), using Cr51-labeled red blood cells. The normal red blood cell volume was 2.20 ± 0.25 ml/100 gm body weight. On the average 68.5% of the red blood cells were removed by the bleed-out. Per total tissue the muscle contained most of the red blood cell volume remaining after bleed-out and together with the liver and bone about 65%. Per gram of tissue the spleen had the highest red blood cell volume after bleed-out. The volume of red blood cells remaining in the spleen and kidney was the same as found by Riecke and Everett in unbled Nembutalized rats.

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