Initially more rapid small intestinal glucose delivery increases plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 but does not improve overall glycemia in healthy subjects

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. E504-E507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reawika Chaikomin ◽  
Selena Doran ◽  
Karen L. Jones ◽  
Christine Feinle-Bisset ◽  
Deirdre O'Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Incretin Hormones ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Stimulation Of

The rate of gastric emptying of glucose-containing liquids is a major determinant of postprandial glycemia. The latter is also dependent on stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Although overall emptying of glucose approximates 1–3 kcal/min, the “early phase” of gastric emptying is usually more rapid. We have evaluated the hypothesis that increased stimulation of incretin hormones and insulin by a more rapid initial rate of small intestinal glucose delivery would reduce the overall glycemic response to a standardized enteral glucose load. Twelve healthy subjects were studied on two separate days in which they received an intraduodenal (id) glucose infusion for 120 min. On one day, the infusion rate was variable, being more rapid (6 kcal/min) between t = 0 and 10 min and slower (0.55 kcal/min) between t = 10 and 120 min, whereas on the other day the rate was constant (1 kcal/min) from t = 0–120 min, i.e., on both days 120 kcal were given. Between t = 0 and 75 min, plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 were higher with the variable infusion. Despite the increase in insulin and incretin hormones, blood glucose levels were also higher. Between t = 75 and 180 min, blood glucose and plasma insulin were lower with the variable infusion. There was no difference in the area under the curve 0–180 min for blood glucose. We conclude that stimulation of incretin hormone and insulin release by a more rapid initial rate of id glucose delivery does not lead to an overall reduction in glycemia in healthy subjects.

scholarly journals Effects of lipase inhibition on gastric emptying and alcohol absorption in healthy subjects

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reawika Chaikomin ◽  
Antonietta Russo ◽  
Christopher K. Rayner ◽  
Christine Feinle-Bisset ◽  
Deirdre G. O'Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Sulfur Colloid ◽  
Initial Rise ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Control Plasma ◽  
Lipase Inhibition

The rate of alcohol absorption is dependent on gastric emptying (GE). As the slowing of GE by fat is dependent on lipolysis, orlistat may increase the rise in blood alcohol when alcohol is consumed with, or after, fat. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of orlistat on GE and blood alcohol after an alcohol-containing drink following a fat ‘preload’, in healthy subjects. Ten healthy males consumed 120 ml cream with or without 120 mg orlistat, 30 min before an alcohol-containing drink labelled with 20 MBq [99 mTc]sulfur colloid on 2 d. GE, plasma alcohol and blood glucose were measured. GE was slightly faster with orlistat (P<0·05) compared with control. Plasma alcohol at 15 min was slightly higher with orlistat (0·034 (sem 0·006) g/100 ml) v. control (0·029 (sem 0·005) g/100 ml) (P<0·05), but there was no effect on the area under the curve 0–240 min. The increase in blood glucose was greater with orlistat, for example, at 15 min (1·07 (sem 0·2) mmol/l) v. control (0·75 (sem 0·2) mmol/l) (P=0·05). The rise in blood glucose and plasma alcohol were related (for example, at 15 min r 0·49; P=0·03). In conclusion, lipase inhibition accelerates GE of an alcohol-containing drink following a fat ‘preload’ with a minor increase in the initial rise in plasma alcohol.

Role of nitric oxide mechanisms in gastric emptying of, and the blood pressure and glycemic responses to, oral glucose in healthy older subjects

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (6) ◽  
pp. G1227-G1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Gentilcore ◽  
Renuka Visvanathan ◽  
Antonietta Russo ◽  
Reawika Chaikomin ◽  
Julie E. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Incretin Hormones ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor

The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) on gastric emptying (GE) of, and the blood pressure (BP), glycemic, insulin, and incretin responses to, oral glucose in older subjects. Eight healthy subjects (4 males and 4 females, aged 70.9 ± 1.3 yr) were studied on two separate days, in double-blind, randomized order. Subjects received an intravenous infusion of either l-NAME (180 μg·kg−1·h−1) or saline (0.9%) at a rate of 3 ml/min for 150 min. Thirty minutes after the commencement of the infusion (0 min), subjects consumed a 300-ml drink containing 50 g glucose labeled with 20 MBq 99mTc-sulfur colloid, while sitting in front of a gamma camera. GE, BP (systolic and diastolic), heart rate (HR), blood glucose, plasma insulin, and incretin hormones, glucose-dependant insulinotropic-polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), were measured. l-NAME had no effect on GE, GIP, and GLP-1. Between −30 and 0 min l-NAME had no effect on BP or HR. After the drink (0–60 min), systolic and diastolic BP fell ( P < 0.05) and HR increased ( P < 0.01) during saline; these effects were attenuated ( P < 0.001) by l-NAME. Blood glucose levels between 90 and 150 min were higher ( P < 0.001) and plasma insulin were between 15 and 150 min less ( P < 0.001) after l-NAME. The fall in BP, increase in HR, and stimulation of insulin secretion by oral glucose in older subjects were mediated by NO mechanisms by an effect unrelated to GE or changes in incretin hormones.

THE EFFECT OF THE PROGESTOGEN ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE ON GLUCOSE, INSULIN, AND GROWTH HORMONE AFTER SIX MONTHS TREATMENT

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Spellacy ◽  
W. C. Buhi ◽  
S. A. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Ethynodiol Diacetate ◽  
Tolerance Curve

ABSTRACT Seventy-one women were treated with a daily dose of 0.25 mg of the progestogen ethynodiol diacetate. They were all tested with a three-hour oral glucose tolerance test before beginning the steroid and then again during the sixth month of use. Measurements were made of blood glucose and plasma insulin and growth hormone levels. There was a significant elevation of the blood glucose levels after steroid treatment as well as a deterioration in the tolerance curve in 12.9% of the women. The plasma insulin values were also elevated after drug treatment whereas the fasting ambulatory growth hormone levels did not significantly change. There was a significant association between the changes in glucose and insulin levels and the subject's age, control weight, or weight gain during treatment. The importance of considering the metabolic effects of the progestogen component of oral contraceptives is stressed.

scholarly journals Effect of commercial rye whole-meal bread on postprandial blood glucose and gastric emptying in healthy subjects

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Hlebowicz ◽  
Jenny Maria Jönsson ◽  
Sandra Lindstedt ◽  
Ola Björgell ◽  
Gassan Darwich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose

scholarly journals Effect of Exercise Duration on Postprandial Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Responses in Adolescents

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
Karah J. Dring ◽  
Simon B. Cooper ◽  
Ryan A. Williams ◽  
John G. Morris ◽  
Caroline Sunderland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) is a potential intervention to manage hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance in adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum duration of HIIE to reduce postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in adolescents and the longevity of the response. Thirty-nine participants (12.4 ± 0.4 year) completed a 30- and 60-min exercise trial (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test) and a rested control trial in a randomised crossover design. Capillary blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately and 1-h post-exercise; and 30, 60 and 120 min following a standardised lunch (day one) and a standardised breakfast 24-h post-exercise. Plasma insulin total area under the curve (tAUC) following lunch was lower following 60-min HIIE (21,754 ± 16,861 pmol·L−1 × 120 min, p = 0.032) and tended to be lower following 30-min HIIE (24,273 ± 16,131 pmol·L−1 × 120 min, p = 0.080), when compared with the resting condition (26,931 ± 21,634 pmol·L−1 × 120 min). Blood glucose concentration was lower 1-h post-exercise following 30-min HIIE (3.6 ± 0.6 mmol·L−1) when compared to resting (4.1 ± 0.9 mmol·L−1, p = 0.001). Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentration did not differ across trials on day two. Shorter bouts of HIIE (30-min), as well as a 60-min bout, reduced the postprandial insulinaemic response to lunch, an ecologically valid marker of insulin sensitivity. As the beneficial effects of HIIE were limited to 3 h post-exercise, adolescents are recommended to engage daily HIIE to enhance metabolic health.

scholarly journals Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Response to a Cookie with or Without Added RS4 Wheat Starch After 3 Days of Pre-Feeding: A Double Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial (P08-081-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Jenkins ◽  
Clodualdo Maningat ◽  
Paul Seib ◽  
Janice Campbell ◽  
Adish Ezatagha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Gi Symptoms

Abstract Objectives Research on the effect of resistant starch on postprandial glucose levels has mainly focused on the attenuation achieved by substituting it for the available carbohydrate (avCarb), few studies have looked at the effect on glucose levels when the resistant starch is added to avCarb. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the acute effect on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia of a cross-linked RS4 wheat starch (Fibersym® RW) in a test cookie compared to a control cookie matched for available carbohydrate after a 3-day habituation period. Methods This study used a double blind, randomized, cross-over design. Nineteen healthy subjects were screened of which 16 were eligible and randomized into the study. A total of 15 subjects completed the study (5M:10F; 32 ± 11y; 24.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2; BP 112/70 mmHg). After 3-day pre-feeding of Control (dietary fiber 1.6 g/d) or Fibersym sugar snap cookies (dietary fiber 29 g/d), the subjects, after an overnight fast, consumed either the respective Control or Fibersym cookie, both meals contained 40 g avCarb. Blood samples were collected over 2 h. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded during the pre-feeding period and during the postprandial visit. Subjective appetite scores were measured at the same time points when blood samples were collected. Results The 90-min blood glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was statistically significantly lower after ingesting the Fibersym cookie (71.9 ± 8.5 mmolxmin/L) compared to the Control cookie (86.7 ± 9.3 mmolxmin/L) (P < 0.02). In addition, the peak glucose concentrations at 30 and 45 min after consumption of the Fibersym cookie was significantly lower than the Control cookie (P < 0.05). Insulin levels at 90-min (P < 0.016) and the 2-h (P < 0.02) insulin IAUC's were significantly lower after consumption of the Fibersym cookie compared to the Control cookie. There were no significant differences in GI symptoms over the 3-day pre-feeding period and during the 2 h postprandial visit between the two cookies and neither did the appetite scores differ significantly. Conclusions The cross-linked RS4 wheat starch, Fibersym, when formulated into a cookie, is well tolerated and attenuates blood glucose and insulin levels in healthy subjects compared to a Control cookie containing the same amount of available carbohydrate. Funding Sources MGP Ingredients, Inc.

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