Role of hypothalamic inputs in maintaining pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in repeated restraint

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. E1110-E1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zelena ◽  
Z. Mergl ◽  
A. Földes ◽  
K. J. Kovács ◽  
Z. Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Mediobasal Hypothalamus ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Pomc Mrna ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus Of Hypothalamus ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The role of hypothalamic structures in the regulation of chronic stress responses was studied by lesioning the mediobasal hypothalamus or the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH). Rats were acutely (60 min) and/or repeatedly (for 7 days) restrained. In controls, a single restraint elevated the plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), corticosterone, and prolactin levels. Repeated restraint produced all signs of chronic stress, including decreased body and thymus weights, increased adrenal weight, basal corticosterone levels, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression in the anterior pituitary. Some adaptation to repeated restraint of the ACTH response, but not of other hormonal responses, was seen. Lesioning of the mediobasal hypothalamus abolished the hormonal response and POMC mRNA activation to acute and/or repeated restraint, suggesting that the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activation during repeated restraint is centrally driven. PVH lesion inhibited the ACTH and corticosterone rise to the first restraint by ∼50%. In repeatedly restrained rats with PVH lesion, the ACTH response to the last restraint was reduced almost to basal control levels, and the elevation of POMC mRNA level was prevented. PVH seems to be important for the repeated restraint-induced ACTH and POMC mRNA stimulation, but it appears to partially mediate other restraint-induced hormonal changes.

The Potential Role of a Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-1 Antagonist in Psychiatric Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 467-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Stahl ◽  
Dana D. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Recovering Alcoholic ◽  
Mood And Cognition ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a key mediator of the stress response in humans. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor (CRFR-1) in the pituitary gland is a gatekeeper for that response, and the CRFR-1 receptor is also present in many other mood- and cognition-related neural structures. Behaviorally, a number of relationships between stress and psychiatric disorders can be observed: chronic or repeated stress is associated with onset of depression; stressors can cause a recovering alcoholic to relapse; overactive stress responses mark many anxiety disorders; and insomnia can arise from an overactive stress response. Thus, a CRFR-1 antagonist could be useful for treating or preventing the consequences of CRF-mediated stress in depression, anxiety, insomnia, and substance abuse.

Chronic Stress and Chronic Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
Branislav Starcevic
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Memories ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Pain and stress basically overlap in conceptual and physiological perceptions. Chronic stress and chronic pain share a common behavioral model of failure to extinguish negative memories as one of psychological and physiological mechanisms of defense. They also have discrepancies such that the final brain endophenotype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and chronic pain appears to be different among the three conditions, and the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis remains unclear in the physiology of pain. Persistence of either stress or pain is maladaptive and could lead to compromised homeostasis. The effectiveness of interventions that may increase return to work and patient satisfaction in trauma victims should be a future directive of research.

Hormones, stress and the welfare of animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Tilbrook ◽  
C. R. Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Sympathoadrenal System ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

There are numerous endocrine (hormonal) responses during stress and these are often complex. This complexity makes the study of endocrine stress responses challenging and the challenges are intensified when attempts are made to use measures of hormones to assess the welfare of animals because so many endocrine systems are activated during stress and because there are countless stimuli that trigger these systems. Most research has concentrated on only a small number of these endocrine systems, particularly the hypothalamo–pituitary adrenal axis and the sympathoadrenal system, and there is a need to broaden the scope of endocrine systems that are studied. Furthermore, systematic approaches are required to establish when the actions of hormones associated with stress responses result in physiological and/or behavioural consequences that will have negative or positive effects on the welfare of animals.

Exposure to chronic stress downregulates corticosterone responses to acute stressors

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (6) ◽  
pp. R1628-R1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Rich ◽  
L. Michael Romero
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Arginine Vasotocin ◽  
European Starlings ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Corticosterone Response ◽  
Lactated Ringer's Solution ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Normal Laboratory

We used captive European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) to test whether corticosterone responses differed in birds held under normal laboratory conditions or conditions of chronic stress. Surprisingly, both basal corticosterone concentrations and corticosterone responses to acute stress were significantly reduced when birds were chronically stressed. To determine the mechanism underlying this reduced response, animals under both conditions were injected with lactated Ringer’s solution (control), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), arginine vasotocin (AVT), or dexamethasone (DEX). ACTH increased corticosterone concentrations above stress-induced levels in both cases, although maximum responses were lower in chronically stressed birds. AVT did not augment the corticosterone response under nonchronically stressed conditions, but it did under chronically stressed conditions. DEX reduced maximal corticosterone concentrations in both cases. Neither ovine nor rat corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) altered normal stress responses. These data indicate that changes in responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to ACTH and AVT serve to downregulate corticosterone responses during chronic stress. Furthermore, these data lead to the following hypothesis: ACTH output from the pituitary limits maximum corticosterone concentrations under normal conditions, but reduced AVT release from the hypothalamus regulates lower corticosterone concentrations under chronic stress conditions.

scholarly journals Control of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in the Neonatal Period: Adrenocorticotropin and Corticosterone Stress Responses Dissociate in Vasopressin-Deficient Brattleboro Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 2576-2583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dóra Zelena ◽  
Ágnes Domokos ◽  
István Barna ◽  
Zsuzsa Mergl ◽  
József Haller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Brattleboro Rats ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

In adulthood the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is controlled by both CRH and arginine vasopressin (AVP). However, in neonates CRH secretion is very low, whereas AVP secretion is fully functional. This suggests that the role of AVP is more pronounced in young than in adult rats. We investigated the role of AVP by studying stress responses in 5, 10, and 20-d-old AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats. Two different stressors were applied: 24-h maternal separation and Hypnorm Grove Oxford UK injections. In heterozygous controls (that do express AVP), both stressors increased plasma ACTH and corticosterone. The ACTH stress response disappeared in AVP-deficient rats, demonstrating that during the perinatal period, the secretion of this hormone is controlled by AVP. Surprisingly, corticosterone responses remained intact in AVP-deficient rats. Similar findings were obtained after 1-, 4-, 12-, and 24-h long maternal separations. Thus, preserved corticosterone stress responses were not explained by changes in the timing of ACTH secretion. In vitro experiments suggested that the dissociation of ACTH and corticosterone stress responses can only be partly explained by higher ACTH responsiveness of the adrenal cortex in AVP-deficient rats. Together, our results show that in neonatal periods, AVP is crucial for the expression of ACTH stress responses, but neither AVP nor ACTH is necessary for the induction of corticosterone stress responses. Discrepant ACTH and corticosterone stress responses may reflect compensatory mechanisms activated by AVP deficiency, but disparate findings suggest that they rather depict a neonate-specific mechanism of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal-axis control.

Chronic Stress and Chronic Pain

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Branislav Starcevic
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Memories ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Pain and stress basically overlap in conceptual and physiological perceptions. Chronic stress and chronic pain share a common behavioral model of failure to extinguish negative memories as one of psychological and physiological mechanisms of defense. They also have discrepancies such that the final brain endophenotype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and chronic pain appears to be different among the three conditions, and the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis remains unclear in the physiology of pain. Persistence of either stress or pain is maladaptive and could lead to compromised homeostasis. The effectiveness of interventions that may increase return to work and patient satisfaction in trauma victims should be a future directive of research.

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Brief History

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complex Chemistry ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to homeostasis, stress responses, energy metabolism, and neuropsychiatric function. The history of this complex system involves discovery of the relevant glands (adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamus), hormones (cortisol, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing hormone), and the receptors for these hormones. The adrenal and pituitary were identified by classical anatomists, but most of this history has taken place rather recently, and has involved complex chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and clinical investigation. The integration of the HPA axis with modern neurology and psychiatry has cemented the role of endocrinology in contemporary studies of behavior.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis NDL-AGB1 modules Play Role in Abiotic Stress and Hormonal Responses Along with Their Specific Functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpana Katiyar ◽  
Yashwanti Mudgil
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Hormonal Responses

Arabidopsis N-MYC Downregulated Like Proteins (NDLs) are interacting partners of G-Protein core components. Animal homologs of the gene family N-myc downstream regulated gene (NDRG) has been found to be induced during hypoxia, DNA damage, in presence of reducing agent, increased intracellular calcium level and in response to metal ions like nickel and cobalt, which indicates the involvement of the gene family during stress responses. Arabidopsis NDL gene family contains three homologs NDL1, NDL2 and NDL3 which share up to 75% identity at protein level. Previous studies on NDL proteins involved detailed characterization of the role of NDL1; roles of other two members were also established in root and shoot development using miRNA knockdown approach. Role of entire family in development has been established but specific functions of NDL2 and NDL3 if any are still unknown. Our in-silico analysis of NDLs promoters reveled that all three members share some common and some specific transcription factors (TFs) binding sites, hinting towards their common as well as specific functions. Based on promoter elements characteristics, present study was designed to carry out comparative analysis of the Arabidopsis NDL family during different stages of plant development, under various abiotic stresses and plant hormonal responses, in order to find out their specific and combined roles in plant growth and development. Developmental analysis using GUS fusion revealed specific localization/expression during different stages of development for all three family members. Stress analysis after treatment with various hormonal and abiotic stresses showed stress and tissue-specific differential expression patterns for all three NDL members. All three NDL members were collectively showed role in dehydration stress along with specific responses to various treatments. Their specific expression patterns were affected by presence of interacting partner the Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein β subunit 1 (AGB1). The present study will improve our understanding of the possible molecular mechanisms of action of the independent NDL–AGB1 modules during stress and hormonal responses. These findings also suggest potential use of this knowledge for crop improvement.

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