scholarly journals Whole body, adipose tissue, and forearm norepinephrine kinetics in lean and obese women

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. E830-E834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon W. Coppack ◽  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Deanna S. Paramore ◽  
Philip E. Cryer ◽  
Henry D. Royal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Abdominal Vein ◽  
Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Forearm Vein

We evaluated whole body and regional (subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and forearm) norepinephrine (NE) kinetics in seven lean (body mass index 21.3 ± 0.5 kg/m2) and six upper body obese (body mass index 36.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2) women who were matched on fat-free mass. NE kinetics were determined by infusing [3H]NE and obtaining blood samples from a radial artery, a deep forearm vein draining mostly skeletal muscle, and an abdominal vein draining subcutaneous abdominal fat. Mean systemic NE spillover tended to be higher in obese (2.82 ± 0.49 nmol/min) than in lean (2.53 ± 0.40 nmol/min) subjects, but the differences were not statistically significant. Adipose tissue and forearm NE spillover rates into plasma were greater in lean (0.91 ± 0.08 pmol ⋅ 100 g tissue−1 ⋅ min−1and 1.01 ± 0.09 pmol ⋅ 100 ml tissue−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively) than in obese (0.26 ± 0.05 pmol ⋅ 100 g tissue−1 ⋅ min−1and 0.58 ± 0.11 pmol ⋅ 100 ml tissue−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively) subjects ( P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that adipose tissue is an active site for NE metabolism in humans. Adipose tissue NE spillover is considerably lower in obese than in lean women, which may contribute to the lower rate of lipolysis per kilogram of fat mass observed in obesity.

Whole body and abdominal lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is suppressed in upper body obese women

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (6) ◽  
pp. E1144-E1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Samuel Klein
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

We measured whole body and regional lipolytic and adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) sensitivity to epinephrine in 8 lean [body mass index (BMI): 21 ± 1 kg/m2] and 10 upper body obese (UBO) women (BMI: 38 ± 1 kg/m2; waist circumference >100 cm). All subjects underwent a four-stage epinephrine infusion (0.00125, 0.005, 0.0125, and 0.025 μg ⋅ kg fat-free mass−1 ⋅ min−1) plus pancreatic hormonal clamp. Whole body free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol rates of appearance (Ra) in plasma were determined by stable isotope tracer methodology. Abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue lipolytic activity was determined by microdialysis and 133Xe clearance methods. Basal whole body FFA Ra and glycerol Ra were both greater ( P < 0.05) in obese (449 ± 31 and 220 ± 12 μmol/min, respectively) compared with lean subjects (323 ± 44 and 167 ± 21 μmol/min, respectively). Epinephrine infusion significantly increased FFA Ra and glycerol Ra in lean (71 ± 21 and 122 ± 52%, respectively; P < 0.05) but not obese subjects (7 ± 6 and 39 ± 10%, respectively; P = not significant). In addition, lipolytic and ATBF sensitivity to epinephrine was blunted in abdominal but not femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese compared with lean subjects. We conclude that whole body lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is blunted in women with UBO because of decreased sensitivity in upper body but not lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Total body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes: estimation from a single abdominal cross-sectional image

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 2333-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Shen ◽  
Mark Punyanitya ◽  
ZiMian Wang ◽  
Dympna Gallagher ◽  
Marie-Pierre St.-Onge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intervertebral Space ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Abdominal Image ◽  
Total Body

A single abdominal cross-sectional computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance image is often obtained in studies examining adipose tissue (AT) distribution. An abdominal image might also provide additional useful information on total body skeletal muscle (SM) and AT volumes with related physiological insights. We therefore investigated the relationships between abdominal SM and AT areas from single images and total body component volumes in a large and diverse sample of healthy adult subjects. Total body SM and AT volumes were derived by whole body multislice magnetic resonance imaging in 123 men [age (mean ± SD) of 41.6 ± 15.8 yr; body mass index of 25.9 ± 3.4 kg/m2] and 205 women (age of 47.8 ± 18.7 yr; body mass index of 26.7 ± 5.6 kg/m2). Single abdominal SM and AT slice areas were highly correlated with total body SM ( r = 0.71–0.92; r = 0.90 at L4–L5 intervertebral space) and AT ( r = 0.84–0.96; r = 0.94 at L4–L5 intervertebral space) volumes, respectively. R2 increased by only 5.7–6.1% for SM and 2.7–4.4% for AT with the inclusion of subject sex, age, ethnicity, scanning position, body mass index, and waist circumference in the model. The developed SM and AT models were validated in an additional 49 subjects. To achieve equivalent power to a study measuring total body SM or AT volumes, a study using a single abdominal image would require 17–24% more subjects for SM and 6–12% more subjects for AT. Measurement of a single abdominal image can thus provide estimates of total body SM and AT for group studies of healthy adults.

Leptin production during early starvation in lean and obese women

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (2) ◽  
pp. E280-E284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Klein ◽  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Michael Landt ◽  
Stephen J. Goodrick ◽  
Vidya Mohamed-Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Relative Decline ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

We evaluated abdominal adipose tissue leptin production during short-term fasting in nine lean [body mass index (BMI) 21 ± 1 kg/m2] and nine upper body obese (BMI 36 ± 1 kg/m2) women. Leptin kinetics were determined by arteriovenous balance across abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue at 14 and 22 h of fasting. At 14 h of fasting, net leptin release from abdominal adipose tissue in obese subjects (10.9 ± 1.9 ng ⋅ 100 g tissue ⋅ − 1 ⋅ min− 1) was not significantly greater than the values observed in the lean group (7.6 ± 2.1 ng ⋅ 100 g− 1 ⋅ min− 1). Estimated whole body leptin production was approximately fivefold greater in obese (6.97 ± 1.18 μg/min) than lean subjects (1.25 ± 0.28 μg/min) ( P < 0.005). At 22 h of fasting, leptin production rates decreased in both lean and obese groups (to 3.10 ± 1.31 and 10.5 ± 2.3 ng ⋅ 100 g adipose tissue− 1 ⋅ min− 1, respectively). However, the relative declines in both arterial leptin concentration and local leptin production in obese women (arterial concentration 13.8 ± 4.4%, local production 10.0 ± 12.3%) were less ( P < 0.05 for both) than the relative decline in lean women (arterial concentration 39.0 ± 5.5%, local production 56.9 ± 13.0%). This study demonstrates that decreased leptin production accounts for the decline in plasma leptin concentration observed after fasting. However, compared with lean women, the fasting-induced decline in leptin production is blunted in women with upper body obesity. Differences in leptin production during fasting may be responsible for differences in the neuroendocrine response to fasting previously observed in lean and obese women.

Regional muscle and adipose tissue amino acid metabolism in lean and obese women

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (4) ◽  
pp. E931-E936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Patterson ◽  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Guoyao Wu ◽  
Malcolm Watford ◽  
Simon W. Coppack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Isotope Tracer

The effect of obesity on regional skeletal muscle and adipose tissue amino acid metabolism is not known. We evaluated systemic and regional (forearm and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue) amino acid metabolism, by use of a combination of stable isotope tracer and arteriovenous balance methods, in five lean women [body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2] and five women with abdominal obesity (BMI 35.0–39.9 kg/m2; waist circumference >100 cm) who were matched on fat-free mass (FFM). All subjects were studied at 22 h of fasting to ensure that the subjects were in net protein breakdown during this early phase of starvation. Leucine rate of appearance in plasma (an index of whole body proteolysis), expressed per unit of FFM, was not significantly different between lean and obese groups (2.05 ± 0.18 and 2.34 ± 0.04 μmol · kg FFM−1 · min−1, respectively). However, the rate of leucine release from forearm and adipose tissues in obese women (24.0 ± 4.8 and 16.6 ± 6.5 nmol · 100 g−1 · min−1, respectively) was lower than in lean women (66.8 ± 10.6 and 38.6 ± 7.0 nmol · 100 g−1 · min−1, respectively; P < 0.05). Approximately 5–10% of total whole body leucine release into plasma was derived from adipose tissue in lean and obese women. The results of this study demonstrate that the rate of release of amino acids per unit of forearm and adipose tissue at 22 h of fasting is lower in women with abdominal obesity than in lean women, which may help obese women decrease body protein losses during fasting. In addition, adipose tissue is a quantitatively important site for proteolysis in both lean and obese subjects.

Indicators of Sarcopenia: Sex Differences in Competitive Runners Prior to Peak Muscle Mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (14) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076
Author(s):  
Todd C. Shoepe ◽  
William P. McCormack ◽  
Joseph W. LaBrie ◽  
Grant T. Mello ◽  
Hawley C. Almstedt
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Low Body Mass Index ◽  
One Year ◽  
Diagnostic Indicator

AbstractStrength, muscle mass, and muscle quality have been observed to be compromised in low body-mass index individuals such as competitive runners, increasing their risk for sarcopenia. The purpose was to compare indices of sarcopenia in young runners to age, height, body-mass, and body-mass index-matched non-runners. Handgrip strength and arm composition from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (baseline-T1, T2=5.3±1.4, T3=11.5±0.7 months later) were assessed in 40 non-runners and 40 runners (19.3±0.7 vs. 19.2±1.1 years, 170.7±10.3 vs. 171.1±9.1 cm, 60.2±7.4 vs. 60.2±7.9 kg, 20.6±0.9 vs. 20.5±1.5 kg m-2). The unitless variable of muscle quality, was defined as the sum of right and left maximal handgrip (in kg) divided by the sum of bone-free lean mass of both arms (in kg). Female runners displayed the highest muscle quality (T1=15.3±1.7; T3=15.7±2.0) compared to male runners (T1=13.7±1.4, p < 0.001; T3=14.2±1.6, p < 0.001) and male non-runners (T1=12.4±1.8, p=0.001; T3=13.2±1.6, p < 0.001), while female non-runners (T1=14.6±2.5, p=0.154; T3=15.1 ±2.2, p=0.124) showed higher muscle quality than male non-runners. Higher muscle quality in low-body-mass index females persists over one-year during young-adulthood and while running contributes to whole-body muscle mass accrual, it does not appear to be significantly associated with improvements in the most commonly used upper-body diagnostic indicator of sarcopenia.

ACCURACY OF BODY MASS INDEX VERSUS LEAN MASS INDEX FOR PREDICTION OF SARCOPENIA IN OLDER WOMEN

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
M.J. BENTON ◽  
A.L. SILVA-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Normal Women

We compared accuracy of body mass index (BMI) versus lean mass index (LMI) to predict sarcopenia in 58 community-dwelling women (74.1±0.9 years). Lean mass was measured with multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, and strength was measured with Arm Curl test, Chair Stand test, and handgrip dynamometry. Sarcopenia was defined as low LMI. When categorized by BMI, normal women had less absolute lean mass (37.6±1.0 vs. 42.6±0.9 kg; P<0.001) and less relative lean mass (14.1±0.2 vs. 16.1±0.2 kg/m2; P<0.001) compared to overweight/obese women, but no differences in strength. When categorized by LMI, normal women had more absolute lean mass (44.0±0.7 vs. 35.7±0.7 kg; P<0.001), more relative lean mass (16.2±0.2 vs. 13.8±0.2 kg/m2; P<0.001), and greater upper body strength (16.7±0.9 vs. 14.2±0.6 arm curls; P<0.05) compared to women with low LMI. BMI failed to accurately predict low values of lean mass and strength. For clinical assessment, calculation of LMI rather than BMI is appropriate.

scholarly journals Human Adipose Tissue Macrophages: M1 and M2 Cell Surface Markers in Subcutaneous and Omental Depots and after Weight Loss

2009 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 4619-4623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Aron-Wisnewsky ◽  
Joan Tordjman ◽  
Christine Poitou ◽  
Froogh Darakhshan ◽  
Danielle Hugol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gastric Surgery ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Adipose Tissue Macrophages ◽  
Obese Subjects

Context: Macrophages accumulate in adipose tissue and possibly participate in metabolic complications in obesity. Macrophage number varies with adipose tissue site and weight loss, but whether this is accompanied by phenotypic changes is unknown. Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize the activation state of adipose tissue macrophages in human obesity. Design/Setting: We performed a single-center prospective study. Participants/Interventions: Paired biopsies of sc and omental adipose tissue were obtained during gastric surgery in 16 premenopausal obese women (aged 41.1 ± 8.6 yr; body mass index 43.8 ± 3.4 kg/m2). Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained 3 months later in obese subjects and in 10 nonobese women (aged 43.3 ± 3.5 yr; body mass index 22.5 ± 0.75 kg/m2). The number of macrophages stained with CD40, CD206, and CD163 surface markers was determined by immunochemistry. Main Outcomes: The number of CD40+ macrophages significantly increased with obesity and in omental vs. sc adipose tissue in obese women. No significant changes in CD163+ and CD206+ macrophage counts was found with obesity and fat pad anatomical location. Three months after gastric surgery, the ratio of CD40+ to CD206+ macrophages was 2-fold lower than before surgery in the sc adipose tissue of obese subjects (P &lt; 0.001) due to a concomitant decrease of CD40+ and increase of CD206+ macrophages counts. Conclusion: We suggest that the activation state of adipose tissue macrophages is weighted toward M1 over M2 status in obese subjects and switch to a less proinflammatory profile 3 months after gastric bypass. Immunohistochemistry analyses suggest that gastric surgery switches the activation state of adipose tissue macrophages towards a M2-oriented, less pro-inflammatory phenotype in morbidly obese subjects.

scholarly journals Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Inhibitory-κB Kinase, and Insulin Signaling in Human Omental Versus Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Obesity

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 2955-2962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nava Bashan ◽  
Karina Dorfman ◽  
Tanya Tarnovscki ◽  
Ilana Harman-Boehm ◽  
Idit F. Liberty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Jun Kinase ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Severely Obese ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
Omental Fat

MAPKs and inhibitory-κB kinase (IKK) were suggested to link various conditions thought to develop in adipose tissue in obesity (oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation) with insulin resistance. Yet whether in obesity these kinases are affected in a fat-depot-differential manner is unknown. We assessed the expression and phosphorylation of these kinases in paired omental and abdominal-sc fat biopsies from 48 severely obese women (body mass index &gt; 32 kg/m2). Protein and mRNAs of p38MAPK, ERK, c-Jun kinase-1, and IKKβ were increased 1.5–2.5-fold in omental vs. sc fat. The phosphorylated (activated) forms of these kinases were also increased to similar magnitudes as the total expression. However, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 on Ser312 (equivalent of murine Ser307) was not increased in omental, compared with sc, fat. Consistently, fat tissue fragments stimulated with insulin demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction to Akt/protein kinase B in omental fat was not inferior to that observable in sc fat. Comparison with lean women (body mass index 23.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2) revealed similar ERK2 and IKKβ expression and phosphorylation in both fat depots. However, as compared with lean controls, obese women exhibited 480 and 270% higher amount of the phosphorylated forms of p38MAPK and c-Jun kinase, respectively, in omental, but not sc, fat, and this expression level correlated with clinical parameters of glycemia and insulin sensitivity. Increased expression of stress-activated kinases and IKK and their phosphorylated forms in omental fat occurs in obesity, potentially contributing to differential roles of omental and sc fat in the pathophysiology of obesity.

Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Blood Flow: Variation within and between Subjects and Relationship to Obesity

1996 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucinda K. M. Summers ◽  
Jaswinder S. Samra ◽  
Sandy M. Humphreys ◽  
Richard J. Morris ◽  
Keith N. Frayn
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Adipose Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue

1. We assessed the variation in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow within and between subjects and investigated whether it is correlated with body mass index. 2. We measured body mass index and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow in 38 fasting subjects on the same day and on different days and, in a subgroup of 16 subjects, after a mixed meal. 3. In 190 measurements in the fasted state, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow was significantly more variable between subjects than could be accounted for by the within-subject variation alone. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow was also significantly more variable between days within subjects than could be accounted for by within-day variation alone. Fasting and post-prandial subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow were negatively correlated with body mass index, as was the post-prandial rise in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow. Multiple regression analysis showed that fasting blood flow was not dependent on insulin concentration after allowing for body mass index. There was no correlation between post-prandial subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow and insulin concentration. 4. Insulin does not appear to have a direct vasodilatory effect in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Obese subjects have lower fasting and post-prandial subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue blood flow. This may be because of a blunted response to sympathetic stimulation, or it may be another aspect of the insulin-resistant state.

Does adipose tissue influence bioelectric impedance in obese men and women?

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Baumgartner ◽  
Robert Ross ◽  
Steven B. Heymsfield
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Bioelectric Impedance Analysis ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Bioelectric Impedance

Baumgartner, Richard N., Robert Ross, and Steven B. Heymsfield. Does adipose tissue influence bioelectric impedance in obese men and women? J. Appl. Physiol.84(1): 257–262, 1998.—Bioelectric-impedance analysis overestimates fat-free mass in obese people. No clear hypotheses have been presented or tested that explain this effect. This study tested the hypothesis that adipose tissue affects measurements of resistance by using data for whole body and body segment resistance and by using muscle, adipose tissue, and bone volumes from magnetic resonance imaging for 86 overweight and obese men and women (body mass index >27 kg/m2; age 38.5 ± 10.2 yr). In multiple-regression analysis, muscle volumes had strong associations with resistance, confirming that the electric currents are conducted primarily in the lean soft tissues. Subcutaneous adipose tissue had a slight but statistically significant effect in women, primarily for the leg, suggesting that adipose tissue can affect measured resistance when the volume of adipose tissue is greater than muscle volume, as may occur in obese women in particular. This resulted in a slight overestimation of fat-free mass (e.g., +3 kg) when a bioelectric- impedance-analysis equation calibrated for nonobese female subjects was applied.

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