Indicators of Sarcopenia: Sex Differences in Competitive Runners Prior to Peak Muscle Mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (14) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076
Author(s):  
Todd C. Shoepe ◽  
William P. McCormack ◽  
Joseph W. LaBrie ◽  
Grant T. Mello ◽  
Hawley C. Almstedt
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Low Body Mass Index ◽  
One Year ◽  
Diagnostic Indicator

AbstractStrength, muscle mass, and muscle quality have been observed to be compromised in low body-mass index individuals such as competitive runners, increasing their risk for sarcopenia. The purpose was to compare indices of sarcopenia in young runners to age, height, body-mass, and body-mass index-matched non-runners. Handgrip strength and arm composition from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (baseline-T1, T2=5.3±1.4, T3=11.5±0.7 months later) were assessed in 40 non-runners and 40 runners (19.3±0.7 vs. 19.2±1.1 years, 170.7±10.3 vs. 171.1±9.1 cm, 60.2±7.4 vs. 60.2±7.9 kg, 20.6±0.9 vs. 20.5±1.5 kg m-2). The unitless variable of muscle quality, was defined as the sum of right and left maximal handgrip (in kg) divided by the sum of bone-free lean mass of both arms (in kg). Female runners displayed the highest muscle quality (T1=15.3±1.7; T3=15.7±2.0) compared to male runners (T1=13.7±1.4, p < 0.001; T3=14.2±1.6, p < 0.001) and male non-runners (T1=12.4±1.8, p=0.001; T3=13.2±1.6, p < 0.001), while female non-runners (T1=14.6±2.5, p=0.154; T3=15.1 ±2.2, p=0.124) showed higher muscle quality than male non-runners. Higher muscle quality in low-body-mass index females persists over one-year during young-adulthood and while running contributes to whole-body muscle mass accrual, it does not appear to be significantly associated with improvements in the most commonly used upper-body diagnostic indicator of sarcopenia.

Sex-Associated Differences in the Handgrip Strength of Elderly Individuals

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeunhee Kwak ◽  
Yoonjung Kim ◽  
Haekyung Chung
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Muscle Strengthening ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Low Body Mass Index

This study aimed to identify sex-specific factors associated with handgrip strength in elderly individuals. The analysis cohort comprised 1,197 men and 1,384 women aged ≥65 years. In men, factors associated with low handgrip strength included advanced age; low body mass index; low frequency of performing flexibility exercises; limited self-care ability (which is a measure of the health-related quality of life); and the presence of diabetes, stroke, or osteoporosis ( R² = 0.285, F = 7.52, p < .001). In women, the factors included advanced age, low body mass index, low frequency of performing muscle strengthening exercises, stress, and osteoarthritis ( R² = 0.225, F = 4.17, p < .001). Effective health-promoting interventions for elderly individuals require the development of individualized programs that enhance handgrip strength while considering sex-related factors.

scholarly journals ESTIMATING BODY FAT PERCENTAGE THROUGH BODY MASS INDEX AND HANDGRIP STRENGTH IN MIDDLE AND OLDER-AGED ASIAN ADULTS

2022 ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Fat Percentage

Objectives: To determine the ability of handgrip strength combined with body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) to estimate body fat percentage (BF%) in middle-aged and older Asian adults. Methods: Middle-aged and older Asian adults (n=459, males=197) were randomly divided into a validation and model development group (n=303) and cross-validation group (n=156). A whole-body scan using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measured BF%. Bland-Altman plots, standard error of the estimates, total errors and mean absolute errors were used to compare prediction equations. Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine a new prediction equation for middle-aged and older Asian adults. Right and left handgrip strength, age, sex and BMI were included in the analysis. Results: A previously developed prediction equation that included handgrip strength poorly predicted BF% in our current sample with the mean difference being -6.0 ± 4.2%. Predicted BF% values were significantly lower than measured BF% values (22.7% vs. 28.7%, p<0.05). A new prediction equation was developed that included sex, BMI, left handgrip strength and age. Validation of the new equation revealed a constant error of 0.2 ± 3.9% with there being no significant difference between measured and predicted BF% (28.2% vs. 28.5%, p=0.467). Previously developed BF% equations using BMI, but not handgrip strength, had similar constant errors and mean absolute errors compared to the new prediction equation. Conclusion: Handgrip strength does not appear to improve the estimation of body fat percentage from BMI prediction equations in middle and older-aged Asian adults.

THE EFFECTS OF HIGH ADIPOSITY ON CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC MUSCLE PERFORMANCE OF UPPER AND LOWER LIMB MUSCULATURE IN YOUNG AND OLD ADULTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharn Shelley ◽  
Rob S James ◽  
Steven James Eustace ◽  
Emma Eyre ◽  
Jason Tallis
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

The present study uniquely examined the influence of old age and adiposity on maximal concentric and eccentric torque and fatigue of the elbow (EF, EE) and knee (KF, KE) flexors and extensors. 40 males were recruited and categorised into young (n=21, 23.7±3.4) and old (n=19, 68.3±6.1) and then further into normal (young = 16.9±2.5%, old = 20.6±3.1%) and high adiposity (young = 28.9±5.0%, old = 31.3±4.2%) groups. Handgrip strength, sit-to-stand performance, and isokinetic assessments of peak torque at 60°, 120° and 180° s-1 were measured. Older men produced significantly less concentric and eccentric peak torque (P<0.016) but this was not influenced by adiposity (P>0.055). For KE and KF, high adiposity groups demonstrated reduced peak torque normalised to body mass (P<0.021), and muscle and contractile mode specific reduction in torque normalised to segmental lean mass. Eccentric fatigue resistance was unaffected by both age and adiposity (P>0.30) and perceived muscle soreness, measured up to 72 hours post, was only enhanced in the upper body of the young group following eccentric fatigue (P=0.009). Despite the impact of adiposity on skeletal muscle function being comparable between ages, these results suggest high adiposity will have greater impact on functional performance of older adults. Novelty: •Irrespective of age, high adiposity may negatively impact force to body mass ratio and muscle quality in a muscle and contractile mode specific manner. •Whilst the magnitude of adiposity effects is similar across ages, the impact for older adults will be more substantial given the age-related decline in muscle function.

scholarly journals Whole body, adipose tissue, and forearm norepinephrine kinetics in lean and obese women

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. E830-E834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon W. Coppack ◽  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Deanna S. Paramore ◽  
Philip E. Cryer ◽  
Henry D. Royal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Abdominal Vein ◽  
Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Forearm Vein

We evaluated whole body and regional (subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and forearm) norepinephrine (NE) kinetics in seven lean (body mass index 21.3 ± 0.5 kg/m2) and six upper body obese (body mass index 36.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2) women who were matched on fat-free mass. NE kinetics were determined by infusing [3H]NE and obtaining blood samples from a radial artery, a deep forearm vein draining mostly skeletal muscle, and an abdominal vein draining subcutaneous abdominal fat. Mean systemic NE spillover tended to be higher in obese (2.82 ± 0.49 nmol/min) than in lean (2.53 ± 0.40 nmol/min) subjects, but the differences were not statistically significant. Adipose tissue and forearm NE spillover rates into plasma were greater in lean (0.91 ± 0.08 pmol ⋅ 100 g tissue−1 ⋅ min−1and 1.01 ± 0.09 pmol ⋅ 100 ml tissue−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively) than in obese (0.26 ± 0.05 pmol ⋅ 100 g tissue−1 ⋅ min−1and 0.58 ± 0.11 pmol ⋅ 100 ml tissue−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively) subjects ( P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that adipose tissue is an active site for NE metabolism in humans. Adipose tissue NE spillover is considerably lower in obese than in lean women, which may contribute to the lower rate of lipolysis per kilogram of fat mass observed in obesity.

scholarly journals Low body mass index negatively affects muscle mass and intramuscular fat of chronic stroke survivors

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e0211145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Akazawa ◽  
Kazuhiro Harada ◽  
Naomi Okawa ◽  
Kimiyuki Tamura ◽  
Hideki Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Low Body Mass Index

Abstract P410: Association of Sarcopenia, Low Muscle Mass and Low Muscle Strength With Coronary Artery Calcium Scores

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Szlejf ◽  
Claudia K Suemoto ◽  
Marcio S Bittencourt ◽  
Itamar S Santos ◽  
Paulo A LOTUFO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Introduction: Low muscle mass and low muscle strength, the defining components of sarcopenia, are associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality. However, little is known about the association of sarcopenia with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, such as coronary artery calcium (CAC). We assessed the hypothesis that sarcopenia and its defining components are associated with higher CAC scores in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis we included 2700 participants from the São Paulo site of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health second wave, aged ≥ 50 years, who were submitted to CAC assessment, with no previous history of coronary artery disease and stroke, and with complete data on exposure, outcome and covariates. CAC was measured by noncontrast computed tomography scans and the Agatston method was adopted to calculate CAC scores. Muscle mass was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and muscle strength by handgrip strength. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health criteria. The association of sarcopenia and its defining components with CAC score > 0 or > 100 was investigated with logistic regression. We also investigated the association of continuous appendicular lean mass standardized by body mass index and handgrip strength with CAC score > 0 and > 100. Possible confounders included sociodemographic characteristics, clinical conditions, lifestyle and laboratory parameters. Results: Sarcopenia was found in 1% (23 out of 2700) of participants, 23% (609 out of 2700) with low muscle mass and 2% (40 out of 2700) with low muscle strength. CAC > 0 and CAC > 100 were found in 35% (952 out of 2700) and 13% (357 out of 2700) of participants, respectively. After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, clinical conditions, lifestyle and laboratory parameters, low muscle mass was associated with CAC > 100 (OR = 1.37, 95%CI 1.03-1.80), but not with CAC > 0 (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.94-1.46). Sarcopenia and low muscle strength were not associated with CAC scores. Additionally, continuous appendicular leans mass standardized by body mass index was associated with lower odds of CAC > 100 (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.05-0.50), although it was not associated with CAC > 0. Finally, continuous handgrip strength was not associated with CAC scores. Conclusion: In conclusion, low muscle mass is associated with higher odds of CAC score > 100 in middle-aged and older adults.

The biopsychosocial assessment of people with low body mass index

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Funda Yıldırım Baş ◽  
Bahriye Arslan ◽  
Yasemin Türker
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Low Body Mass Index ◽  
Biopsychosocial Assessment

Effects of a resistance training community programme in older adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Majid Mufaqam Syed-Abdul ◽  
Chrissa L. McClellan ◽  
Elizabeth J. Parks ◽  
Stephen D. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Resistance Training Programme

Abstract Ageing is associated with reduced muscle mass, strength, flexibility and balance, resulting in a poor quality of life (QOL). Past studies have occurred in highly controlled laboratory settings which provide strong support to determine whether similar gains can be made in community programmes. Twenty participants were enrolled in an eight-week community-based resistance training programme (mean age = 61.3 (standard error (SE) = 0.9) years); Body Mass Index = 32.0 (SE = 1.3) kg/m2). All participants completed surveys to assess outcomes associated with QOL. Given the relationship between muscle function and nerve health, nerve conduction studies (NCS) were also conducted in a separate group of participants (mean age = 64.9 (SE = 2.0) years; Body Mass Index = 32.6 (SE = 1.9) kg/m2). This community-based training programme significantly improved QOL measures in older adults (p < 0.001). Although weight loss was not the primary outcome of the study, participants reduced their body weights (p < 0.001), by primarily reducing fat mass (p = 0.007) while maintaining muscle mass. Significant improvements were observed in muscle strength (2.2%), flexibility and balance (3.2–464.2%, p ⩽ 0.05 for all). Improvements were also observed in plasma glucose (p = 0.05), haemoglobin A1C (p = 0.06) and aldolase enzyme levels (p < 0.001). Scores for surveys on memory and sleep improved (p < 0.05). Improved QOL was associated with increased lean mass (r = −0.714, p = 0.002), decreased fat mass (r = −0.702, p = 0.003) and improved flexibility and balance (r = −0.627, p = 0.008). An eight-week, community-based resistance training programme significantly improved QOL in older adults. Influence on the lipid profile and NCS still needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Effects of a novel mobile health intervention compared to a multi-component behaviour changing program on body mass index, physical capacities and stress parameters in adolescents with obesity: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stasinaki ◽  
D. Büchter ◽  
C.-H. I. Shih ◽  
K. Heldt ◽  
S. Güsewell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Mobile Health ◽  
Health Intervention ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Physical Capacities ◽  
Stress Parameters

Abstract Background Less than 2% of overweight children and adolescents in Switzerland can participate in multi-component behaviour changing interventions (BCI), due to costs and lack of time. Stress often hinders positive health outcomes in youth with obesity. Digital health interventions, with fewer on-site visits, promise health care access in remote regions; however, evidence for their effectiveness is scarce. Methods This randomized controlled not blinded trial (1:1) was conducted in a childhood obesity center in Switzerland. Forty-one youth aged 10–18 years with body mass index (BMI) > P.90 with risk factors or co-morbidities or BMI > P.97 were recruited. During 5.5 months, the PathMate2 group (PM) received daily conversational agent counselling via mobile app, combined with standardized counselling (4 on-site visits). Controls (CON) participated in a BCI (7 on-site visits). We compared the outcomes of both groups after 5.5 (T1) and 12 (T2) months. Primary outcome was reduction in BMI-SDS (BMI standard deviation score: BMI adjusted for age and sex). Secondary outcomes were changes in body fat and muscle mass (bioelectrical impedance analysis), waist-to-height ratio, physical capacities (modified Dordel-Koch-Test), blood pressure and pulse. Additionally, we hypothesized that less stressed children would lose more weight. Thus, children performed biofeedback relaxation exercises while stress parameters (plasma cortisol, stress questionnaires) were evaluated. Results At intervention start median BMI-SDS of all patients (18 PM, 13 CON) was 2.61 (obesity > + 2SD). BMI-SDS decreased significantly in CON at T1, but not at T2, and did not decrease in PM during the study. Muscle mass, strength and agility improved significantly in both groups at T2; only PM reduced significantly their body fat at T1 and T2. Average daily PM app usage rate was 71.5%. Cortisol serum levels decreased significantly after biofeedback but with no association between stress parameters and BMI-SDS. No side effects were observed. Conclusions Equally to BCI, PathMate2 intervention resulted in significant and lasting improvements of physical capacities and body composition, but not in sustained BMI-SDS decrease. This youth-appealing mobile health intervention provides an interesting approach for youth with obesity who have limited access to health care. Biofeedback reduces acute stress and could be an innovative adjunct to usual care.

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