scholarly journals Chemoprevention in gastrointestinal physiology and disease. Anti-inflammatory approaches for colorectal cancer chemoprevention

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (2) ◽  
pp. G59-G70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M. Fajardo ◽  
Gary A. Piazza
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Chemoprevention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Cox 2 Inhibitors

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common human malignancies and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developed countries. Identifying effective preventive strategies aimed at inhibiting the development and progression of CRC is critical for reducing the incidence and mortality of this malignancy. The prevention of carcinogenesis by anti-inflammatory agents including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, and natural products is an area of considerable interest and research. Numerous anti-inflammatory agents have been identified as potential CRC chemopreventive agents but vary in their mechanism of action. This review will discuss the molecular mechanisms being studied for the CRC chemopreventive activity of NSAIDs (i.e., aspirin, sulindac, and ibuprofen), COX-2 inhibitors (i.e., celecoxib), natural products (i.e., curcumin, resveratrol, EGCG, genistein, and baicalein), and metformin. A deeper understanding of how these anti-inflammatory agents inhibit CRC will provide insight into the development of potentially safer and more effective chemopreventive drugs.

scholarly journals Oral cancer chemoprevention: COX-2 inhibitor a covenant

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Shashi Keshwar ◽  
Sonal Grover ◽  
Daya Shankar ◽  
Deependra Prasad Sarraf
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Cancer Chemoprevention ◽  
Premalignant Lesions ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Cox 2 Inhibitors ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Oral cancer survival remains poor despite advancement in treatment modalities. In oral cancer and oral premalignant lesions, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is widely expressed and tends to be enhanced especially in high-risk oral lesions. Numerous researches suggests that the inflammation pathway of cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) leads to the development and progression of a number of cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). With an emphasis on research data, this article discusses the relationship between inflammation and cancer, summarizes the use of anti-inflammatory agents COX-2 inhibitors for cancer chemoprevention and treatment, and explains the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of anti-inflammatory agents (COX-2 inhibitors).</p>

Natural COX-2 inhibitors as promising anti-inflammatory agents: an update

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahua Cui ◽  
Jinping Jia
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Chemistry Research ◽  
Cardiovascular Side Effects ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Cox 2 Inhibitors

: COX-2, a key enzyme that catalyzed the rate-limiting steps in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, played a pivotal role in inflammatory process. Different from other family members, COX-2 was barely detectable in normal physiological conditions and highly inducible during acute inflammatory response of human bodies to injuries or infections. Therefore, the therapeutic utilization of selective COX-2 inhibitors has already been considered as an effective approach for the treatment of inflammation with diminished side effects. Currently, both traditional and newer NSAIDs are the commonly prescribed medications that treat inflammatory disease by targeting COX-2. However, due to the cardiovascular side-effects of the NSAIDs, finding reasonable alternatives for these frequently prescribed medicines are a hot spot in medicinal chemistry research. Naturally-occurring compounds have been reported to inhibit COX-2, thereby possessing beneficial effects against inflammation and certain cell injury. The review mainly concentrated on recently identified natural products and derivatives as COX-2 inhibitors, the characteristics of their structural core scaffolds, their anti-inflammatory effects, molecular mechanisms for enzymatic inhibition and related structure-activity relationships. According to the structural features, the natural COX-2 inhibitors were mainly divided into the following categories: natural phenols, flavonoids, stilbenes, terpenoids, quinones and alkaloids. Apart from the anti-inflammatory activities, a few dietary COX-2 inhibitors from nature origin also exhibited chemopreventive effects by targeting COX-2-mediated carcinogenesis. The utilization of these natural remedies in future cancer prevention was also discussed. In all, the survey on the characterized COX-2 inhibitors from natural sources paths the further development of more potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors in the future.

scholarly journals Role of Anti-inflammatory Drugs in the Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-180
Author(s):  
Oumer Sada ◽  
Kemal Ahmed ◽  
Aliye Jeldo ◽  
Mensur Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Cox 2 Inhibitors

Objective: The objective of this review was to systematically review and synthesize evidence regarding benefits of using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Data Sources: The data sources were MEDLINE, PubMed, NEJM, Google Scholar, and Google searches of references from relevant and eligible trials. Review Methods: We screened abstracts and full-text articles of identified references for eligibility and reviewed randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and meta-analysis for evidence on benefits of using NSAIDs in CRC treatments. For all extracted data, completeness and relevance were checked. Results: The risk of any adenoma among frequent NSAID users was 26.8% vs 39.9% among placebo subjects who later used NSAIDs sporadically (adjusted relative risk = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39-0.98; P trend with NSAID use frequency = .03). Long-term use of aspirin reduces the risk of CRC. Aspirin also reduces the incidence of colon adenomas and mortality, especially when used for >10 years. Rofecoxib is associated with the reduction of CRC; however, it was associated with cardiovascular risk (with an overall unadjusted relative risk of 1.50 [95% CI = 0.76-2.94; P = .24]). Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib trial shows that, for patients of all genotypes, the estimated cumulative incidence of one or more adenomas by year 3 was 59.8% for those randomized to placebo as compared with 43.3% for those randomized to low-dose (200 mg, twice daily) celecoxib (relative risk [RR] = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.59-0.79; P < .001) and 36.8% for those randomized to high-dose (400 mg, twice daily) celecoxib and 60.7% in placebo group (RR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.46-0.64; P < .001). Conclusions: The use of COX-2 inhibitors both prior to and after diagnosis of CRC seemed to be mildly associated with the reduction in mortality of patients with CRC. Some literatures state that COX-2 inhibitors might play a synergistic role in adjuvant chemotherapy of FOLFOX regimen. Celecoxib was found to increase the radiosensitization of colon cancer cells.

The role of celecoxib as a potential inhibitor in the treatment of inflammatory diseases - a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiane Viana Cruz ◽  
Joaquín María Campos Rosa ◽  
Njogu Mark Kimani ◽  
Silvana Giuliatti ◽  
Cleydson Breno Rodrigues dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Potential Inhibitor ◽  
Cyclooxygenase 1 ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Cox 2 Inhibitors

: This article presents a simplified view of celecoxib as a potential inhibitor in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) has, predominantly, two isoforms called cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). The former plays a constitutive role that is related to homeostatic effects in renal and platelets, while the latter is mainly responsible for induction of inflammatory effects. Since COX-2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, it has been signaled as a target for the planning of anti-inflammatory intermediates. Many inhibitors developed and planned for COX-2 inhibition have presented side effects to humans, mainly in the gastrointestinal and/or cardiovascular tract. Therefore, it is necessary to design new potential COX-2 inhibitors, which are relatively safe and without side effects. To this end, of the generation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from “coxibs”, celecoxib is the only potent selective COX-2 inhibitor that is still commercially available. Thus, the compound celecoxib became a commercial prototype inhibitor for the development of anti-inflammatory agents for COX-2 enzyme. In this review, we provide highlights where such inhibition should provide a structural basis for the design of promising new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which act as COX-2 inhibitors with lesser side effects on the human body.

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