scholarly journals Central apelin mediates stress-induced gastrointestinal motor dysfunction in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (4) ◽  
pp. G249-G261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bülbül ◽  
V. Nimet İzgüt-Uysal ◽  
Osman Sinen ◽  
İlknur Birsen ◽  
Gamze Tanrıöver
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stress ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Postprandial Motility ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motor ◽  
Colon Transit ◽  
Gi Motility

Apelin, an endogenous ligand for APJ receptor, has been reported to be upregulated in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) following stress. Central apelin is known to stimulate release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) via APJ receptor. We tested the hypothesis that stress-induced gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is mediated by central apelin. We also assessed the effect of exogenous apelin on GI motility under nonstressed (NS) conditions in conscious rats. Prior to solid gastric emptying (GE) and colon transit (CT) measurements, APJ receptor antagonist F13A was centrally administered under NS conditions and following acute stress (AS), chronic homotypic stress (CHS), and chronic heterotypic stress (CHeS). Plasma corticosterone was assayed. Strain gage transducers were implanted on serosal surfaces of antrum and distal colon to record postprandial motility. Stress exposure induced coexpression of c-Fos and apelin in hypothalamic PVN. Enhanced hypothalamic apelin and CRF levels in microdialysates were detected following AS and CHeS, which were negatively and positively correlated with GE and CT, respectively. Central F13A administration abolished delayed GE and accelerated CT induced by AS and CHeS. Central apelin-13 administration increased the plasma corticosterone and inhibited GE and CT by attenuating antral and colonic contractions. The inhibitory effect elicited by apelin-13 was abolished by central pretreatment of CRF antagonist CRF9–41 in antrum, but not in distal colon. Central endogenous apelin mediates stress-induced changes in gastric and colonic motor functions through APJ receptor. The inhibitory effects of central exogenous apelin-13 on GI motility appear to be partly CRF dependent. Apelin-13 inhibits colon motor functions through a CRF-independent pathway.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of NMDA Receptors in the Ventral Tegmental Area on Hormonal and Eating Behavior Responses to Stress in Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Sadat Nasihatkon ◽  
Maryam Khosravi ◽  
Zahra Bourbour ◽  
Hedayat Sahraei ◽  
Mina Ranjbaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone Level ◽  
Experiential Groups

Background. Stress and its consequences are among the causes of accidents.Objective. The effects of intraventral tegmental area (I-VTA) memantine on the plasma corticosterone and eating parameters disturbance induced by acute stress were investigated.Methods. Male Wistar rats (W: 250–300 g) were divided into control and experiential groups, each of which received memantine either intra-VTA or peripherally. One week after bilateral cannulation, the rats received memantine (1 and 5 μg/Rat) five min before electroshock stress. The other experimental groups received memantine (1 and 5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 30 min before stress. The control groups received saline or memantine but did not experience stress. Food and water intake and plasma corticosterone level were recorded.Results. Results showed that stress decreases food intake but does not change water intake and increase in plasma corticosterone level. Intraperitoneal memantine administration slightly inhibits the stress effects on food intake. However, water intake and plasma corticosterone level were increased. Intra-VTA memantine reduces the effects of stress on corticosterone and water intake.Conclusion. It could be concluded that inhibition of glutamate NMDA receptors in the VTA by memantine leads to the inhibition of the eating behavior parameters and plasma corticosterone level disturbance induced by stress in rats.

Inhibitory effect of ileal oleate on postprandial motility of the upper gut

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. G458-G463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Dreznik ◽  
D. Brocksmith ◽  
T. A. Meininger ◽  
N. J. Soper
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Postprandial Motility

To determine the effect of ileal oleate on postprandial gastrointestinal motility, duodenal and paired perfusion-aspiration ileal catheters and bipolar duodenal and jejunal electrodes were surgically implanted in five dogs. The ileum was perfused with either saline or an isotonic oleic acid emulsion at 2 ml/min. A 205-kcal mixed meal containing 120 ml liquid nutrient labeled with 111In-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and solid food labeled with 99mTc was then administered orally. Gastric emptying was assessed by a gamma camera, myoelectric activity was continuously monitored, and duodenal-ileal transit of phenol red was determined over the ensuing 240 min. Ileal oleate reduced duodenal spikeburst frequency by 50% (P less than 0.05) and delayed gastric emptying of liquids and solids. Four hours after ingesting the meal, 62% of solids and 34% of liquids were retained in the stomach during oleic acid perfusion compared with 25 and 4%, respectively, when saline was perfused (P less than 0.05). Duodenal-ileal transit was markedly slowed by ileal perfusion with the oleic acid emulsion (P less than 0.001). Ileal oleate therefore exerted a profound inhibitory effect on proximal gut motility in the early period after ingestion of a mixed-nutrient meal in dogs.

scholarly journals Sacral nerve stimulation with appropriate parameters improves constipation in rats by enhancing colon motility mediated via the autonomic-cholinergic mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (5) ◽  
pp. G609-G617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Huang ◽  
Shiying Li ◽  
Robert D. Foreman ◽  
Jieyun Yin ◽  
Ning Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Fecal Incontinence ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Sacral Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Colon Motility ◽  
Rectal Compliance ◽  
Sacral Nerve ◽  
Cholinergic Function ◽  
Colon Transit

Although sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has been applied for treating constipation, its parameters were adopted from SNS for fecal incontinence, its effects are limited, and mechanisms are largely unknown. We investigated the effects and mechanism of SNS with appropriate parameters on constipation in rats treated with loperamide. First, using rectal compliance as an outcome measure, an experiment was performed to derive effective SNS parameters. Then, a 7-day SNS was performed in rats with constipation induced by loperamide. Autonomic functions were assessed by spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) derived from an electrocardiogram. Serum levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), norepinephrine (NE), and acetylcholine (ACh) in colon were assessed. 1) Acute SNS at 5 Hz, 100 µs was found effective in enhancing rectal compliance and accelerating distal colon transit ( P < 0.05 vs. sham SNS). 2) The 7-day SNS normalized loperamide-induced constipation, assessed by the number, weight, and water content of fecal pellets, and accelerated the distal colon transit (29.4 ± 3.7 min with sham SNS vs. 16.4 ± 5.3 min with SNS but not gastric emptying or intestinal transit. 3) SNS significantly increased vagal activity ( P = 0.035) and decreased sympathetic activity ( P = 0.012), assessed by spectral analysis of HRV as well as by the serum PP. 4) SNS increased ACh in the colon tissue; atropine blocked the accelerative effect of SNS on distal colon transit. We concluded that SNS with appropriate parameters improves constipation induced by loperamide by accelerating distal colon motility, mediated via the autonomic-cholinergic function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has been applied for treating constipation, its parameters were adopted from SNS for fecal incontinence, effects are limited, and mechanisms are largely unknown. This paper shows that SNS with appropriate parameters improves constipation induced by loperamide by accelerating distal colon motility mediated via the autonomic-cholinergic function.

Estrogen potentiates adrenocortical responses to stress in female rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (4) ◽  
pp. E1173-E1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmer F. Figueiredo ◽  
Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai ◽  
Dennis C. Choi ◽  
James P. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Glucocorticoid Response ◽  
Unexpected Findings ◽  
Adrenocortical Responses

It is well established that estrogens markedly enhance the glucocorticoid response to acute stress in females. However, the precise mechanism responsible for this regulation is poorly understood. Here, we tested whether estrogens enhance the activation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus by measuring stress-induced c- fos mRNA expression in the PVN of restraint-stressed ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with physiologically relevant doses of estradiol (E2), the major female estrogen. As expected, E2 enhanced plasma corticosterone responses to restraint in OVX females. However, E2 markedly attenuated the stress-induced c- fos gene expression in the PVN and inhibited plasma ACTH responses in these animals. Furthermore, E2-inhibitory effects were mimicked by progesterone (P) alone or in combination with E2. Interestingly, the suppressive central effects of both E2 and P were apparently independent of basal paraventricular corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) transcription, since these ovarian steroids did not significantly affect PVN CRH mRNA expression in unstressed rats. These unexpected findings suggested that E2 promotes glucocorticoid hypersecretion in females by additional peripheral (i.e., adrenal) mechanisms. Indeed, E2 markedly enhanced plasma corticosterone responses and adrenal corticosterone content in dexamethasone-blocked OVX rats challenged with varying doses of exogenous ACTH. These results suggest that enhanced adrenal sensitive to ACTH is an important physiological mechanism mediating E2-related glucocorticoid hypersecretion in stressed females.

ROLE OF CHOLECYSTOKININ IN REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL MOTOR FUNCTIONS

The Lancet ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 334 (8653) ◽  
pp. 12-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
BeatM. Meyer ◽  
Christoph Beglinger ◽  
JanB.M.J. Jansen ◽  
LucioC. Rovati ◽  
BaseliA. Werth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Functions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motor

Maternal high fat diet during critical windows of development alters adrenal cortical and medullary enzyme expression in adult male rat offspring

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Connor ◽  
M. H. Vickers ◽  
C. Cupido ◽  
E. Sirimanne ◽  
D. M. Sloboda
Keyword(s):  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Adrenal Steroidogenesis ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

We previously reported that a maternal high fat (HF) diet resulted in adult offspring with increased adiposity and hyperleptinemia. As leptin has an inhibitory effect on adrenal steroidogenesis and a stimulatory effect on epinephrine synthesis, we hypothesized that key adrenal steroidogenic and catecholaminergic enzymes would be altered in these offspring. Wistar rats were randomized into three groups at weaning: (1) control dams fed a standard control chow diet from weaning and throughout pregnancy and lactation (CON), (2) dams fed a HF diet from weaning and throughout pregnancy and lactation (MHF) and (3) dams fed standard control chow diet throughout life until conception, then fed a HF diet in pregnancy and lactation (PLHF). Dams were mated at day 100 (P100). After birth at P22 (weaning), male offspring were fed a standard control chow (con) or high fat (hf) diet. At P160, plasma samples and adrenal tissues were collected. Postweaning hf diet significantly elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations in PLHF-hf offspring compared to PLHF-con. MHF nutrition increased adrenal adrenocorticotrophic hormone receptor (ACTH-R) mRNA levels compared to CON-con. 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) mRNA levels were decreased in MHF compared to PLHF offspring. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA levels were increased in MHF-hf offspring compared to MHF-con. Plasma homocysteine (HCY) concentrations were significantly elevated in CON-hf and MHF-hf offspring compared to chow-fed offspring, associated with elevated intakes of methionine and reduced intakes of pyridoxine. Immunoreactive leptin receptor (ObRb) and PNMT were colocalized in medullary chromaffin cells. This study suggests that a postweaning HF diet in offspring induced changes in adrenal gene expression levels that are dependent upon the level of maternal nutrition.

The Inhibitory Effect of Herbal Medicine -Dai Kenchu To (DKT)- on the Colonic Motility in Rats In Vitro

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (01) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Alhakam Tulimat ◽  
Tadashi Ishiguchi ◽  
Susumu Kurosawa ◽  
Takashi Nakamura ◽  
Toku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Dai-Kenchu-To (DKT) is a herbal medicine and is currently used as the treatment of paralytic ileus in Japan. We investigated the mechanism of beneficial effects of DKT in vitro. DKT-extract powder (DKT-EP; 30–300 μg/ml) caused a significant inhibition on carbachol (CCH; 10-6)-induced contraction in a concentration dependent manner of the rat distal colon. DKT-EP (100 μg/ml) consists of 20 μg/ml of Zanthoxylum Fruit, 30 μg/ml of Ginseng Root and 50 μg/ml of Ginger Rhizome. Although each of them had no effect on CCH-induced muscle contraction, the combination of three ingredients caused a significant inhibition on CCH-induced contraction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document